tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-85159435737272998382024-03-05T13:23:39.643-08:00fauziah siskompfauziah cantikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02664414677947736567noreply@blogger.comBlogger184125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8515943573727299838.post-2793508774836818202014-05-09T21:22:00.000-07:002014-05-09T21:24:53.710-07:00Di Jual kontrakan DI JUAL CEPAT KONTRAKAN<br />
Luas tanah 120 Meter.<br />
3 Rumah Kontrakan Baru. <br />
1 Rumah : 3 petak ruang. 1 ruang tamu. 1 ruang kamar tidur. 1 ruang kamar mandi dan tempat cuci piring.<br />
Surat Rumah Sertifikat <br />
Daerah bekasi Jati aSIh dekat Akses Tol .<br />
Alamat gank restoran Aqua Resto.<br />
(Bebas Banjir)<br />
Harga : 600 jt bisa nego.<br />
tlf : fAUZIAH 08568338822/ 089637796061fauziah cantikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02664414677947736567noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8515943573727299838.post-85251753593922910672013-01-12T16:31:00.001-08:002013-01-12T16:31:33.818-08:00Tobat Wanita Soleha Tobat wanita Soleha...<br />
<br />
aku adalah wanita bukan sempurna<br />tapi aku belajar menjadi wanita paling hebat di mata ALLAH<br />tersesat di kegelapan mencari cahaya penerang ..<br />Kehadiran cahaya mulai terlihat dan mendekat menghapiriku<br />cahaya keimanan mulai menempel dihatiku..<br />tersungkur dengan gelar sejadah menetes air mataku deras..<br />begitu banyak kesalahan dosa aku alami selama ini.<br />begitu aku mencintai dunia fana ini.<br />bermain dengan sandiwara permainan dunia hina ini..<br />ternyata baru ku sadari dunia ini hanya tempat sementara.<br />akhirat lebih indah aku rasakan..<br />kematian bertemu robb dan mengharap surga aku idmankan..<br />mencintai ALLAH yang aku utamakan dari pada yang lain.<br />ini lah cinta sesungunya sejati, cinta pada ilahi.<br /><br />fauziah cantikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02664414677947736567noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8515943573727299838.post-64406697790550687772012-04-28T03:43:00.002-07:002012-04-28T03:48:33.151-07:00Relative Clauses and Relative pronoun and theoris about adjective clauses<span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="background-color: #eeeeee;"></span></span></span>A relative clause is a phrase that modifies a noun or pronoun. It is also a dependent or subordinate clause, meaning that it cannot stand on its own as a sentence. This handout explains the rules for using relative clauses and provides examples of correct use of relative clauses.Positioning the Relative Clause Put the relative clause directly behind the noun it modifies.<br />
Original<br />
The theory will be implemented that is most supportive of my work for the final<br />
project.<br />
Revised The theory that is most supportive of my work will be implemented for the final project.<br />
<br />
<blockquote>
A relative clause—also called an <i>adjective</i> or <i>adjectival</i>
clause—will meet three requirements.<br />
<ul>
<li>First, it will contain a <a href="http://www.chompchomp.com/terms/subject.htm">subject</a> and
<a href="http://www.chompchomp.com/terms/verb.htm">verb</a>.</li>
<li>Next, it will begin with a <a href="http://www.chompchomp.com/terms/relativepronoun.htm">relative
pronoun</a> [<span class="special_02">who</span>,
<span class="special_02">whom</span>, <span class="special_02">whose</span>,
<span class="special_02">that</span>, or <span class="special_02">which</span>]
or a <a href="http://www.chompchomp.com/terms/relativeadverb.htm">relative adverb</a> [<span class="special_02">when</span>,
<span class="special_02">where</span>, or <span class="special_02">why</span>].</li>
<li>Finally, it will function as an <a href="http://www.chompchomp.com/terms/adjective.htm">adjective</a>,
answering the questions <i>What kind?</i> <i>How many?</i> or
<i>Which one?</i></li>
</ul>
The relative clause will follow one of these two patterns:<br />
<blockquote>
<div style="line-height: 200%;">
<span class="special_05">relative pronoun
or adverb</span> + <span class="special_05">subject</span> +
<span class="special_05">verb</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%;">
<span class="special_05">relative pronoun
as subject</span> + <span class="special_05">verb</span></div>
</blockquote>
Here are some examples:<br />
<blockquote>
<div class="example">
Which Francine did not accept</div>
<span class="special_02">Which</span> = relative pronoun;
<span class="special_02">Francine</span> = subject;
<span class="special_02">did accept</span> = verb [<span class="special_02">not</span>,
an adverb, is not officially part of the verb]. <br />
<div class="example">
Where George found <i>Amazing Spider-Man</i> #96
in fair condition</div>
<span class="special_02">Where</span> = relative adverb;
<span class="special_02">George</span> = subject;
<span class="special_02">found</span> = verb.<br />
<div class="example">
That dangled from the one clean bathroom towel</div>
<span class="special_02">That</span> = relative pronoun functioning
as subject; <span class="special_02">dangled</span> = verb.<br />
<div class="example">
Who continued to play video games until his eyes
were blurry with fatigue</div>
<span class="special_02">Who</span> = relative pronoun functioning
as subject; <span class="special_02">played</span> = verb.</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<br />
I bought a new car. It is very fast.<br />
<b>→ I bought a new car that is very fast.</b><br />
She lives in New York. She likes living in New York.<br />
<b>→ She lives in New York, which she likes.</b><br />
<h3>
Defining and Non-defining</h3>
A <b>defining relative clause</b> tells which noun we are talking about:<br />
<ul>
<li>I like the woman who lives next door.<br />
(If I don’t say ‘who lives next door’, then we don’t know which woman I mean)</li>
</ul>
A <b>non-defining relative clause</b> gives us extra information about something. We don’t need this information to understand the sentence.<br />
<ul>
<li>I live in London, which has some fantastic parks.<br />
(Everybody knows where London is, ‘which has some fantastic parks’ is extra information)</li>
</ul>
<br />
<br />
<h4>
Punctuate a relative clause correctly.</h4>
<blockquote>
Punctuating relative clauses can be tricky. For each sentence, you will
have to decide if the relative clause is essential or nonessential and then
use commas accordingly.<br />
<a href="http://www.chompchomp.com/terms/essentialclause.htm">Essential clauses</a> do <i>not</i> require
commas. A relative clause is essential when you need the information it
provides. Look at this example:<br />
<blockquote>
<div class="example">
The children <span class="special_02">who skateboard
in the street</span> are especially noisy in the early evening.</div>
</blockquote>
<span class="special_02">Children</span> is nonspecific. To know which
ones we are talking about, we must have the information in the relative
clause. Thus, the relative clause is essential and requires no commas.
<br />
If, however, we eliminate <span class="special_02">children</span> and
choose more specific nouns instead, the relative clause becomes
<a href="http://www.chompchomp.com/terms/nonessentialclause.htm">nonessential</a> and <i>does</i> require
commas to separate it from the rest of the sentence. Read this revision:<br />
<blockquote>
<div class="example">
Matthew and his sister Loretta<span class="special_02">,
who skateboard in the street,</span> are especially noisy in the early
evening.</div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<br />
<h3>
Defining relative clauses:</h3>
<b>1: The relative pronoun is the subject:</b>
<br />
First, let’s consider when the relative pronoun is the subject of a defining relative clause.
<br />
We can use ‘who’, ‘which’ or ‘that’. We use ‘who’ for people and ‘which’ for things. We can use ‘that’ for people or things.
<br />
The relative clause can come after the subject or the object of the sentence. We can’t drop the relative pronoun.
<br />
For example (clause after the object of the sentence):<br />
<ul>
<li>I’m looking for a secretary who / that can use a computer well.</li>
<li>She has a son who / that is a doctor.</li>
<li>We bought a house which / that is 200 years old.</li>
<li>I sent a letter which / that arrived three weeks later.</li>
</ul>
More examples (clause after the subject of the sentence):<br />
<ul>
<li>The people who / that live on the island are very friendly.</li>
<li>The man who / that phoned is my brother.</li>
<li>The camera which / that costs £100 is over there.</li>
<li>The house which / that belongs to Julie is in London.</li>
</ul>
<a href="http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/relative-clauses-exercise-1.html">Try an exercise where the relative pronoun is the subject here</a><br />
<b>2: The relative pronoun is the object:</b>
<br />
Next, let’s talk about when the relative pronoun is the object of
the clause. In this case we can drop the relative pronoun if we want
to. Again, the clause can come after the subject or the object of the
sentence. Here are some examples:<br />
(clause after the object)
<br />
<ul>
<li>She loves the chocolate (which / that) I bought.</li>
<li>We went to the village (which / that) Lucy recommended.</li>
<li>John met a woman (who / that) I had been to school with.</li>
<li>The police arrested a man (who / that) Jill worked with.</li>
</ul>
(clause after the subject)
<br />
<ul>
<li>The bike (which / that) I loved was stolen.</li>
<li>The university (which / that) she likes is famous.</li>
<li>The woman (who / that) my brother loves is from Mexico.</li>
<li>The doctor (who / that) my grandmother liked lives in New York.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/relative-clauses-exercise-2.html">Try an exercise where the relative pronoun is the object here</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/relative-clauses-exercise-3.html">Try an exercise about defining relative clauses, both subject and object here</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/relative-clauses-exercise-4.html">Try another exercise about defining relative clauses here</a></li>
</ul>
<br />
<h3>
Non-defining relative clauses:</h3>
We don’t use ‘that’ in non-defining relative clauses, so we
need to use ‘which’ if the pronoun refers to a thing, and ‘who’ if it
refers to a person. We can’t drop the relative pronoun in this kind of
clause, even if the relative pronoun is the subject of the clause.
<br />
(clause comes after the subject)<br />
<ul>
<li>My boss, who is very nice, lives in Manchester.</li>
<li>My sister, who I live with, knows a lot about cars.</li>
<li>My bicycle, which I've had for more than ten years, is falling apart.</li>
<li>My mother's house, which I grew up in, is very small.</li>
</ul>
(clause comes after the object)<br />
<ul>
<li>Yesterday I called our friend Julie, who lives in New York.</li>
<li>The photographer called to the Queen, who looked annoyed.</li>
<li>Last week I bought a new computer, which I don't like now</li>
<li>I really love the new Chinese restaurant, which we went to last night.</li>
</ul>
<h3>
Prepositions and relative clauses</h3>
If the verb in the relative clause needs a preposition, we put it at the end of the clause:<br />
For example:<br />
<ul>
<li><b>listen to</b></li>
</ul>
The music is good. Julie listens to the music.<br />
→ The music (which / that) Julie listens <b>to</b> is good.<br />
<ul>
<li><b>work with</b></li>
</ul>
My brother met a woman. I used to work with the woman.<br />
→ My brother met a woman (who / that) I used to work <b>with</b>.<br />
<ul>
<li><b>go to</b></li>
</ul>
The country is very hot. He went to the country.<br />
→ The country (which / that) he went <b>to</b> is very hot.<br />
<ul>
<li><b>come from</b></li>
</ul>
I visited the city. John comes from the city.<br />
→ I visited the city (that / which) John comes <b>from</b>.<br />
<ul>
<li><b>apply for</b></li>
</ul>
The job is well paid. She applied for the job.<br />
→ The job (which / that) she applied <b>for</b> is well paid.<br />
<h3>
Whose</h3>
‘Whose’ is always the subject of the relative clause and can’t be
left out. It replaces a possessive. It can be used for people and
things.<br />
The dog is over there. The dog’s / its owner lives next door.<br />
→ The dog <b>whose</b> owner lives next door is over there.<br />
The little girl is sad. The little girl’s / her doll was lost.<br />
→ The little girl <b>whose</b> doll was lost is sad.<br />
The woman is coming tonight. Her car is a BMW.<br />
→ The woman <b>whose</b> car is a BMW is coming tonight.<br />
The house belongs to me. Its roof is very old.<br />
→ The house <b>whose</b> roof is old belongs to me.<br />
<h3>
Where / when / why</h3>
We can sometimes use these question words instead of relative pronouns and prepositions.<br />
I live in a city. I study in the city.<br />
<br />
→ I live in the city <b>where</b> I study.<br />
→ I live in the city <b>that / which</b> I study <b>in</b>.<br />
→ I live in the city <b>in which</b> I study.<br />
The bar in Barcelona is still there. I met my wife in that bar.<br />
<br />
→ The bar in Barcelona <b>where</b> I met my wife is still there.<br />
→ The bar in Barcelona <b>that / which</b> I met my wife <b>in</b> is still there.<br />
→ The bar in Barcelona <b>in which</b> I met my wife is still there.<br />
The summer was long and hot. I graduated from university in the summer.<br />
<br />
→ The summer <b>when</b> I graduated from university was long and hot.<br />
→ The summer <b>that / which</b> I graduated from university <b>in</b> was long and hot.<br />
→ The summer <b>in which</b> I graduated was long and hot.<br />
<br />
task<br />
<br />
1. 1 talked tobthe woman who was sitting next to me<br />
2. I have class which begins at 8.00 am<br />
3. the man called the police. this car was stolen<br />
the man whose car was stolen called the police <br />
4. The bilding whre he lives is very old<br />
5. the woman whom I saw was mr silvy<br />
<br />
There are two basic types of <b>adjective clauses</b>.<br />
<br />
"The first type is the <i><a href="http://grammar.about.com/od/mo/g/nonrestricterm.htm">nonrestrictive</a></i> or <i>nonessential</i> adjective clause. This clause simply gives extra information about the <a href="http://grammar.about.com/od/mo/g/nounterm.htm">noun</a>.
In the sentence, 'My older brother's car, which he bought two years
ago, has already needed many repairs,' the adjective clause, 'which he
bought two years ago,' is nonrestrictive or nonessential. It provides
extra information.<br />
<br />
"The second type is the <i><a href="http://grammar.about.com/od/rs/g/retricterm.htm">restrictive</a></i> or <i>essential</i>
adjective clause. It offers essential [information] and is needed to
complete the sentence's thought. In the sentence, 'The room that you
reserved for the meeting is not ready,' the adjective clause, 'that you
reserved for the meeting,' is essential because it restricts which
room."<br />
(Jack Umstatter, <i>Got Grammar?</i> Wiley, 2007)<br />
<br />
<br />
example :<br />
<br />
"He <i>who can no longer pause to wonder and stand rapt in awe</i> is as good as dead."<br />
<br />
<ul>
<li>"Among those <i>whom I like or admire</i>, I can find no common denominator, but among <i>those whom I love</i>, I can: all of them make me laugh."<br />
(W. H. Auden)</li>
<br /><br />
<li>"Short, fat, and of a quiet disposition, he appeared to spend a lot of money on really bad clothes, <i>which hung about his squat frame like skin on a shrunken toad</i>."<br />
(John le Carré, <i>Call for the Dead</i>, 1961)</li>
<br /><br />
<li>"Love, <i>which was once believed to contain the Answer,</i> we now know to be nothing more than an inherited behavior pattern."<br />
(James Thurber)</li>
<br /><br />
<li>"The means <i>by which we live</i> have outdistanced the ends <i>for which we live</i>. Our scientific power has outrun our spiritual power. We have guided missiles and misguided men."<br />
(Martin Luther King, Jr.)</li>
<br /><br />
<li>"The IRS spends God knows how much of your tax money on these toll-free information hot lines staffed by IRS employees, <i>whose idea of a dynamite tax tip is that you should print neatly</i>."<br />
(Dave Barry)</li>
</ul>
<br />
<br /><span style="font-family: "Apple Chancery";"><b>Exercise Five Rio</b></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0pt; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 12pt;">Like
appositives, adjective clauses enable writers to effectively join their ideas
and show their readers what they mean. So it makes sense not only to practice
joining ideas using adjective clauses, but also to create adjective clause
modifiers.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0pt; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 12pt;">Below is a
hypothetical mystery story in which there are nouns that could be made more
specific with adjective clauses, although you might also want to use a few
appositives. The nouns to be modified are underlined, and blanks for your
modifiers are provided.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0pt; tab-stops: right 6.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 12pt;">One day,
Matilda sat in a cafe, sipping cappuccino and talking with her friend Jacquita,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: right 6.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0pt; tab-stops: 312.0pt 398.0pt right 6.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 12pt;">(1)<u> </u>Matilda
was telling Jacquita</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0pt; tab-stops: 312.0pt 398.0pt right 6.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0pt; tab-stops: 312.0pt 398.0pt right 6.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 12pt;">about her
husband Merv, (2)<u> .</u></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0pt; tab-stops: 312.0pt 398.0pt right 6.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0pt; tab-stops: 312.0pt 398.0pt right 6.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 12pt;">Apparently,
Merv had turned into a very mysterious man, (3)<u> ,</u></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0pt; tab-stops: 312.0pt 398.0pt right 6.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0pt; tab-stops: 312.0pt 398.0pt right 6.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 12pt;">and Matilda
suspected that he was now involved in some criminal activity</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0pt; tab-stops: 312.0pt 398.0pt right 6.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0pt; tab-stops: 312.0pt 398.0pt right 6.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 12pt;">(4)<u> </u>Recently,
Merv brought home</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0pt; tab-stops: 312.0pt 398.0pt right 6.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0pt; tab-stops: 312.0pt 398.0pt right 6.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 12pt;">some very
disgusting friends (5)<u> .</u></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0pt; tab-stops: 312.0pt 398.0pt right 6.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0pt; tab-stops: 312.0pt 398.0pt right 6.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 12pt;">And he purchased
three expensive new cars, (6)<u> .</u></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0pt; tab-stops: 312.0pt 398.0pt right 6.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0pt; tab-stops: 312.0pt 398.0pt right 6.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 12pt;">But when
Matilda, (7)<u> </u>,
questioned</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0pt; tab-stops: 312.0pt 398.0pt right 6.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0pt; tab-stops: 312.0pt 398.0pt right 6.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 12pt;">Merv about
his activities, he ran out the front door. Despondent, Matilda knew that her
best friend</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0pt; tab-stops: 312.0pt 398.0pt right 6.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0pt; tab-stops: 312.0pt 398.0pt right 6.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 12pt;">Jacquita
would know how to solve the problem, (8)<u> .</u></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 312.0pt 398.0pt right 6.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0pt; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 12pt;">Jacquita
recommended that Matilda do one of two things: hire a private detective to find
out</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0pt; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 12pt;">what Merv had gotten himself into or
sell the cars and run away to Rio. Matilda decided to hire a </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 12pt;">detective (9)<u> .</u>
So the next day, the </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 12pt;">detective she'd hired followed Merv to
work and to his favorite hangout, </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 12pt;">(10) <u> </u>.
But unfortunately, the </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 12pt;">detective lost Merv when Merv
entered a K-Mart. When the detective tried to call Matilda to let her </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 12pt;">know what had happened, a
policewoman, (11)<u> </u> ,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 12pt;">answered the phone.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0pt; tab-stops: right 6.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 12pt;"> The
policewoman informed the detective that Matilda (12)<u> ,</u></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: right 6.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0pt; tab-stops: right 6.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 12pt;">had been
arrested at the airport for possession of a stolen car, (13)<u> ,</u></span></div>
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sumber :http://jonsenglishsite.info/Sent<br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.. Hai anakku: ketahuilah,
sesungguhnya dunia ini bagaikan lautan yang dalam, banyak manusia yang karam ke
dalamnya. Bila engkau ingin selamat, agar jangan karam, layarilah lautan itu
dengan SAMPAN yang bernama TAKWA, ISInya ialah IMAN dan LAYARnya adalah
TAWAKKAL kepada ALLAH. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.. Orang – orang yg sentiasa
menyediakan dirinya untuk menerima nasihat, maka dirinya akan mendapat
penjagaan dari ALLAH. Orang yang insyaf dan sadar setalah menerima nasihat
orang lain, dia akan sentiasa menerima kemulian dari ALLAH juga. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.. Hai anakku; orang yang merasa
dirinya hina dan rendah diri dalam beribadat dan taat kepada ALLAH, maka dia
tawadduk kepada ALLAH, dia akan lebih dekat kepada ALLAH dan selalu berusaha
menghindarkan maksiat kepada ALLAH. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.. Hai anakku; seandainya ibu
bapamu marah kepadamu kerana kesilapan yang dilakukanmu, maka marahnya ibu
bapamu adalah bagaikan baja bagi tanam tanaman. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.. Jauhkan dirimu dari berhutang,
karena sesungguhnya berhutang itu boleh menjadikan dirimu hina di waktu siang
dan gelisah di waktu malam. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.. Dan selalulah berharap kepada
ALLAH tentang sesuatu yang menyebabkan untuk tidak menderhakai ALLAH. Takutlah
kepada ALLAH dengan sebenar benar takut ( takwa ), tentulah engkau akan
terlepas dari sifat berputus asa dari rahmat ALLAH. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.. Hai anakku; seorang pendusta
akan lekas hilang air mukanya karena tidak dipercayai orang dan seorang yang
telah rusak akhlaknya akan sentiasa banyak melamunkan hal hal yang tidak benar.
Ketahuilah, memindahkan batu besar dari tempatnya semula itu lebih mudah
daripada memberi pengertian kepada orang yang tidak mau mengerti. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.. Hai anakku; engkau telah
merasakan betapa beratnya mengangkat batu besar dan besi yang amat berat,
tetapi akan lebih berat lagi daripada semua itu, adalah bilamana engkau mempunyai
tetangga yang jahat. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.. Hai anakku; janganlah engkau
mengirimkan orang yg bodoh sebagai utusan. Maka bila tidak ada orang yang
cerdik, sebaiknya dirimulah saja yang layak menjadi utusan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10.. Jauhilah bersifat dusta, sebab
dusta itu mudah dilakukan, bagaikan memakan daging burung, padahal sedikit saja
berdusta itu telah memberikan akibat yang berbahaya. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">11.. Hai anakku; bila engkau
mempunyai dua pilihan, takziah orang mati atau hadir majlis perkarwinan,
pilihlah untuk menziarahi orang mati, sebab ianya akan mengingatkanmu kepada
kampung akhirat sedang kan menghadiri pesta perkarwinan hanya mengingatkan
dirimu kepada kesenangan duniawi saja. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">12.. Janganlah engkau makan sampai
kenyang yang berlebihan, karena sesungguhnya makan yang terlalu kenyang itu
adalah lebih baiknya bila makanan itu diberikan kepada anjing saja. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">13.. Hai anakku; janganlah engkau
langsung menelan saja karena manisnya barang dan janganlah langsung memuntahkan
saja pahitnya sesuatu barang itu, kerana manis belum tentu menimbulkan
kesegaran dan pahit itu belum tentu menimbulkan kesengsaraan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">14.. Makanlah makananmu bersama sama
dengan orang orang yang takwa dan musyawarahlah urusanmu dengan para alim ulama
dengan cara meminta nasihat dari mereka. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">15.. Hai anakku; bukanlah satu kebaikan
namanya bilamana engkau selalu mencari ilmu tetapi engkau tidak pernah
mengamalkannya. Hal itu tidak ubah bagaikan orang yg mencari kayu bakar, maka
setelah banyak ia tidak mampu memikulnya, padahal ia masih mau menambahkannya. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">16.. Hai anakku; bilamana engkau mau
mencari kawan sejati, maka ujilah terlebih dahulu dengan berpura pura membuat
dia marah. Bilamana dalam kemarahan itu dia masih berusaha menginsyafkan kamu,
maka bolehlah engkau mengambil dia sebagai kawan. Bila tidak demikian, maka
berhati hatilah. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">17.. Selalulah baik tutur kata dan
halus budi bahasamu serta manis wajahmu, dengan demikian engkau akan disukai
orang melebihi sukanya seseorang terhadap orang lain yang pernah memberikan
barang yang berharga. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">18.. Hai anakku; bila engkau berteman,
tempatkanlah dirimu padanya sebagai orang yang tidak mengharapkan sesuatu
daripadanya. Namun biarkanlah dia yang mengharapkan sesuatu darimu. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">19.. Jadikanlah dirimu dalam segala
tingkah laku sebagai orang yang tidak ingin menerima pujian atau mengharap
sanjungan orang lain karena itu adalah sifat riya’ yang akan mendatangkan cela
pada dirimu. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">20.. Hai anakku; janganlah engkau
condong kepada urusan dunia dan hatimu selalu disusahkan olah dunia saja karena
engkau diciptakan ALLAH bukanlah untuk dunia saja. Sesungguhnya tiada makhluk
yang lebih hina daripada orang yang terpedaya dengan dunianya. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">21.. Hai anakku; usahakanlah agar
mulutmu jangan mengeluarkan kata kata yang busuk dan kotor serta kasar, karena
engkau akan lebih selamat bila berdiam diri. Kalau berbicara, usahakanlah agar
bicaramu mendatangkan manfaat bagi orang lain. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">22.. Hai anakku; janganlah engkau
mudah ketawa kalau bukan karena sesuatu yang menggelikan, janganlah engkau
berjalan tanpa tujuan yang pasti, janganlah engkau bertanya sesuatu yang tidak
ada guna bagimu, janganlah mensia-siakan hartamu. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">23.. Barang siapa yang penyayang tentu
akan disayangi, siapa yang pendiam akan selamat daripada berkata yang
mengandungi racun, dan siapa yang tidak dapat menahan lidahnya dari berkata
kotor tentu akan menyesal. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">24.. Hai anakku; bergaullah rapat
dengan orang yang alim lagi berilmu. Perhatikanlah kata nasihatnya karena
sesungguhnya sejuklah hati ini mendengarkan nasihatnya, hiduplah hati ini
dengan cahaya hikmah dari mutiara kata katanya bagaikan tanah yang subur lalu
disirami air hujan. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">25.. Hai anakku; ambillah harta
dunia sekedar keperluanmu saja, dan nafkahkanlah yang selebihnya untuk bekal
akhiratmu. Jangan engkau tendang dunia ini ke keranjang atau bakul sampah
karena nanti engkau akan menjadi pengemis yang membuat beban orang lain.
Sebaliknya janganlah engkau peluk dunia ini serta meneguk habis airnya karena
sesungguhnya yang engkau makan dan pakai itu adalah tanah belaka. Janganlah
engkau bertemankan dengan orang yang bersifat dua muka, kelak akan membinasakan
dirimu.</span></div>
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<br /></div>fauziah cantikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02664414677947736567noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8515943573727299838.post-9802998428071749902012-04-27T06:24:00.000-07:002012-04-27T06:24:19.965-07:00LOW LEVEL DAN HIGH LEVEL CONTROL PADA ROBOT<br />
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<span style="background-color: #741b47;">LOW LEVEL DAN HIGH LEVEL CONTROL PADA ROBOT</span></div>
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<span lang="SV">PENDAHULUAN</span><span lang="IN"></span>
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<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Perkembangan teknologi</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">
dewasa ini banyak membantu pekerjaan manusia seperti dalam bidang robot yang
dipakai di industri, namun ada juga robot yang dikembang dalam kontes robot
misalnya robot seni, robot sepakbola, robot penghindar tabrakan sekaligus
pencari dan pemadam api. Dalam perkembanganya, robot semakin kian banyak
diteliti di perguruan tinggi untuk meningkatkan kepintaran (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">smart</i>) robot dengan memformulasikan
lintasan robot berdasarkan metode formal <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Logika
Temporal Linier</i> (LTL) pada penelitian </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Irvan Lewenusa, Wisnu Ananta Kusuma</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> (2008) dan penelitian Widiyanto (2008) LTL</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">
diterapkan untuk menyusun spesifikasi <i>Mobile robot </i>berdasarkan kebutuhan
rancangan kendali navigasi robot KRCI (Kontes Robot Cerdas Indonesia) 2</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">006. Pada penelitian ini menerapkan robot belok
berdasarkan pelacakan jarak setelah pengindra depan robot aktif mengikuti
rancangan kendali navigasi robot KRCI (Kontes robot Cerdas Indonesia) 2011.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN">Robot adalah
perangkat mekanik yang dapat dikendalikan oleh perangkat lunak yang menggunakan
sensor untuk memandu satu atau lebih efektor melalui gerakan terprogram dalam
suatu ruang kerja dalam hal untuk manipulasi obyek fisik. (<i>Schilling, 2000</i>).
Kendali robot terdapat 2 (dua) level kontrol yaitu <i>high-level controller </i>dan
<i>low-level controller</i>. <i>Low level control </i>digunakan untuk
mendefinisikan aksi <i>primitive </i>dan mengkomunikasikan status sensor kepada
<i>high level controller </i>(Shanahan & Witkowski 2000). Dalam <i>high-level
planning</i>, terdapat 2 (dua) pendekatan yaitu <i>Robotic-Level Languages</i>,
dan <i>Task- Level Languages. Robotic level languages </i>memandang rangkaian <i>task
</i>sebagai rangkaian gerakan robot, dan setiap statement program secara kasar
berkaitan dengan aksi robot. <i>Task level languages </i>memandang rangkaian <i>task
</i>sebagai rangkaian posistional <i>goal </i>dari obyek lebih. </span></div>
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<span lang="IN">Kendali navigasi
robot, berada pada <i>high-level controller. </i>Kendali robot <i>high-level </i>digunakan
untuk mendefinisikan <i>task </i>(<i>task planner</i>) berdasarkan sensor yang
ada, menghasilkan lintasan robot (<i>robot trajectory</i>), dan aksi atau
pergerakan robot (<i>robot motion</i>) dari suatu tempat ke tempat lain. </span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Mobile
robot </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">adalah robot yang memiliki mekanisme penggerak
berupa roda (<i>wheel</i>) dan atau kaki (<i>leg</i>), untuk dapat berpindah
tempat dari suatu tempat ke tempat yang lain.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Dalam navigasi robot ini menerapkan pengindra sensor
ultrasonik yang prinsip kerjanya berdasarkan gelombang merambat di udara.
Pengindra sensor ultrasonik memiliki pemancar gelombang dan penerima gelombang
dengan frekuensi 20 k Hz. Kerja pengindra sensor ini dalam navigasi robot selalu memancarkan
gelombang kirim dan gelombang terima kembali setelah gelombang tersebut
dipantulkan oleh dinding/penghalang di sisi kiri, kanan atau depan robot. Dengan prinsip gelombang kirim dan pantul
kembali maka jarak robot dengan penghalang dapat dihitung dengan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">formula :</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">S = v. t /2 ...................... (1)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Dimana :</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">S = jarak</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v = kecepatan rambat gelombang diudara 340 m/detik</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">t= waktu yang ditempuh gelombang kirim dan diterima
kembali</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar 1 Sensor jarak penghalang dengan robo</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">t</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2.
TINJAUAN PUSTAKA</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Robot
</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Robot adalah perangkat mekanik yang dapat dikendalikan oleh
perangkat lunak yang menggunakan sensor untuk memandu satu atau lebih efektor
melalui gerakan terprogram dalam suatu ruang kerja dalam hal untuk manipulasi
obyek fisik. (<i>Schilling, 2000</i>). </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Terdapat 2 (dua) kendali robot yaitu <i>high-level controller </i>dan
<i>low-level controller</i>. <i>Low level control </i>digunakan untuk
mendefinisikan aksi <i>primitive </i>dan mengkomunikasikan status sensor kepada
<i>high level controller </i>(Shanahan & Witkowski 2000). Dalam <i>high-level
planning</i>, terdapat 2 (dua) pendekatan yaitu <i>Robotic-Level Languages</i>,
dan <i>Task- Level Languages. Robotic level languages </i>memandang rangkaian <i>task
</i>sebagai rangkaian gerakan robot, dan setiap statement program secara kasar
berkaitan dengan aksi robot. <i>Task level languages </i>memandang rangkaian <i>task
</i>sebagai rangkaian posistional <i>goal </i>dari obyek lebih. </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kendali navigasi robot, berada pada <i>high-level controller. </i>Kendali
robot <i>high-level </i>digunakan untuk mendefinisikan <i>task </i>(<i>task
planner</i>) berdasarkan sensor yang ada, menghasilkan lintasan robot (<i>robot
trajectory</i>), dan aksi atau pergerakan robot (<i>robot motion</i>) dari
suatu tempat ke tempat lain. </span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Mobile robot </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">atau <i>mobile
robot </i>adalah robot yang memiliki mekanisme penggerak berupa roda (<i>wheel</i>)
dan atau kaki (<i>leg</i>), untuk dapat berpindah</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">tempat dari suatu tempat ke tempat yang
lain.</span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">3. HASIL
DAN PEMBAHASAN </span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">3.1
Deskripsi Umum </span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Dalam kajian robotika,
diungkap robot merupakan sistem yang berdasarkan model sistem kontrol (sistem
kendali) yang digambarkan dalam Gambar 1.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> <i><u>Cara
kerja </u></i></span></b><i><b><u><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Level
Control Switch</span></u></b></i><b><i><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></u></i></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Tangki
penampungan air atau sering sangat umum
dipakai di perumahan. Fungsinya cukup vital sebagai cadangan air yang siap
digunakan untuk kebutuhan rumah tangga sehari-hari, terutama bila terjadi
masalah dengan suplai dari pompa air atau karena pemadaman listrik. Keuntungan
lainnya adalah juga dalam sisi penghematan listrik karena pompa air tidak
sering <i>start-stop </i>dalam <i>interval</i> singkat saat berlangsung
pemakaian air.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN">Umumnya
toren air dikontrol secara otomatis oleh suatu mekanisme pengaturan yang akan
mengisi air bila volume air tinggal sedikit dan menghentikannya bila sudah
penuh. Cukup merepotkan bila kontrol pengisian air dilakukan manual oleh
penghuni rumah. Karena selain harus menunggu sekian lama sampai air mulai naik
hingga keluar di keran air, juga air yang sudah penuh berpotensi terbuang
disebabkan penghuni rumah lupa untuk mematikan pompa air.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Cara kerja mekanisme pengaturan level air ini cukup sederhana dan semoga
bisa dipahami dengan mudah. Mari kita kupas mengenai sistem kontrol level
otomatis ini dan mudah-mudahan bisa bermanfaat terutama saat ada masalah dengan
alat ini.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">yang mengatur buka-tutup air sesuai dengan level air dalam . Sistem ini
murni mekanis. Saat level air dalam</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> sensor </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">turun mencapai level <i>low</i> dari <i>ball-floater</i>, maka alat ini
secara mekanis akan membuka aliran air untuk pengisian. Bila level air sudah
mencapai level <i>high</i> dari <i>ball-floater</i>, maka aliran air akan
ditutup secara mekanis juga. Jadi sistem kerjanya adalah keran yang bisa
buka-tutup secara otomatis.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Seperti gambar di atas, sistem <i>level switch </i>mempunyai cara kerja
yang cukup sederhana, yaitu</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> :</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Saat air mencapai setengah dari pemberat yang
bawah (level <i>low</i>) maka dua pemberat (<i>sinker</i>) akan
menggantung dimana total beratnya akan mampu menarik <i>switch</i> yang
ada pada <i>switch body </i>di bagian atas. Saat kondisi awal, sistem ini akan
membaca banyaknya air si dalam tangki yang </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">berkurang karena pemakaian.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Bila banyaknya air lebih kecil atau sama dengan level low
maka, <i>Switch</i> yang tertarik pemberat akan membuat kontak <i>relay</i>
menjadi <i>close</i> dan arus listrik akan mengalir melalui kabel ke mesin
pompa air yang kemudian <i>start</i> dan mengisi air ke dalam toren
hingga mencapai level <i>high</i>.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">3.2 Dua Macam Kontak
Relay Level Control Switch</span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN">Gambar
diatas diambil dari <i>manual sheet Liquid Level Relay </i>merk “Radar”
(hanya sebagai contoh saja). Sedangkan pada umumnya untuk merk lain juga
mempunyai bagian-bagian yang sama.</span><span lang="IN"> </span><span lang="IN">Bagian yang terpasang di sebelah dalam toren
adalah dua buah <i>sinker</i> dan <i>L shape bracket</i>. Sedangkan <i>switch
body </i>dan <i>water proof cover </i>dipasang pada bagian luar. Perlu
diperhatikan pemasangan <i>water proof cover </i>ini harus benar-benar baik,
karena letaknya yang ada dibagian luar akan terkena panas dan hujan (toren
biasanya dipasang diluar), sedangkan di dalamnya terdapat terminal kabel
listrik dari kontak <i>relay</i>.</span><span lang="IN"> </span><span lang="IN">Pada <i>switch body</i>, terdapat dua pasang
terminal untuk kabel listrik yaitu terminal A1-A2 dan B1-B2. Dua pasang
terminal ini merupakan dua macam kontak <i>relay</i> yang mempunyai fungsi
berkebalikan. Untuk keperluan yang paling umum gunakan terminal A1-A2, karena
fungsi ini yang sesuai dengan cara kerja <i>level switch </i>seperti
dijelaskan pada bagian sebelumnya. Selain itu pihak pabrik pembuat biasanya</span><span lang="IN"> </span><span lang="IN">mempermudah konsumen
dengan memberikan tanda dengan hanya memasang 2 buah baut saja pada terminal
A1-A2.</span>
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<span lang="IN">Penjelasan
mengenai dua pasang terminal ini adalah sebagai berikut :</span><span lang="IN"> </span><span lang="IN">Dua Macam Kontak Relay Level Control
Switch</span><span lang="IN"> </span><span lang="IN">Pada
saat air mencapai level <i>low</i>, maka dua pemberat tadi akan menarik <i>level
switch </i>kearah bawah dan kontak <i>relay</i> A1-A2 akan terhubung,
sedangkan kontak <i>relay</i> B1-B2 akan terputus. Karena itu listrik akan
mengalir</span><span lang="IN"> </span><span lang="IN">dan mesin pompa air akan <i>start</i>.</span><span lang="IN"> </span><span lang="IN">Saat air mencapai level <i>high</i>,
maka dua pemberat tadi akan mulai mengambang dan <i>level</i></span><i><span lang="IN"> </span></i><i><span lang="IN">switch </span></i><span lang="IN">akan kembali ke posisi semula dengan
bantuan pegas. Akibatnya kontak <i>relay</i> A1-A2 akan terputus dan
sebaliknya kontak <i>relay</i> B1-B2 akan terhubung. Sehingga aliran listrik
akan terputus dan mesin pompa air akan mati.</span><span lang="IN"> </span><span lang="IN">Ini sifatnya <i>nice to know </i>saja,
di dunia instrumentasi, kontak A1-A2 dinamakan <i>Normally Open </i>(NO) dan
kontak B1-B2 dinamakan <i>Normally Close </i>(NC).</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Batas level <i>high</i> dan level <i>low</i> dalam toren
ini dapat di-<i>setting</i> sesuai keinginan, dengan mengatur ketinggian dari
dua pemberat ini. Cukup dengan mengatur panjang talinya dan kemudian
dikencangkan kembali ikatannya.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Jika <i>setting</i>
level <i>low-</i>nya dinaikkan (pemberat bagian bawah posisnya lebih naik),
maka volume air dalam toren akan masih</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">tersisa banyak
sesaat sebelum air diisikan kembali. Begitu pula jika <i>setting </i>level <i>high</i>-nya
dinaikkan (dengan menaikkan lagi posisi pemberat bagian atas), maka volume air
akan bisa mendekati maksimum kapasitas yang bisa ditampung dalam toren sesaat
setelah mesin air dimatikan.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Hanya perlu diperhatikan, bila jarak antara kedua
pemberat sangat pendek (sehingga jarak level <i>low</i> dan <i>high</i>
berdekatan) maka akibatnya interval pengisian air akan lebih singkat sehingga
mesin pompa air akan semakin sering <i>start-stop</i>. Apalagi jika toren yang
digunakan memiliki kapasitas kecil, misalnya 250 liter. Ingat, <i>start</i>
mesin pompa air akan menyerap daya listrik yang cukup besar. Karena itu <i>setting</i>
pemberat ini lebih disesuaikan pada kebutuhan dengan pertimbangan aspek volume
cadangan air dalam toren dan penghematan daya listrik.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">3.3
Gambar 2.</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">KontrolON/OFF</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Dengan
pendekatan seperti gambar diatas, Sistem control ON/OFF, kadangkala disebut
sebagai bang-bang control, adalah
control yang paling besar dalam robotic. Input sensor dan sinyal output pada
actuator dinyatakan hanya dalam dua keadaan, yaitu ON/OFF atau logika 1 dan 0.
Dalam berbagai aplikasi dasar cara ini sudah cukup memadai karena mampu
mengontrol robot untuk mencapai target yang dikehendaki. Teori kinematit
apalagi dinamik robot belum diperhitungkan dalam disain keseluruhan. Kestabilan
gerak yang diperoleh hanya berdasarkan pada rule sederhana tetapi mampu menjaga
robot dari gerakan yang menyebabkan tracking error (TE) menjadi membesar. Dalam
hal ini pemasangan posisi sensor, actuator dan struktur mekanik robot sangat
berperan. Meski kebanyakan belum dihitung secara matematis, namun bagi mereka
yang berpengalaman dalam mekanik dan elektronik praktis, rancangan struktur
mekanik, konfigurasi sensor actuator dan cara pemasangannya bahkan seringkali
cukup “diperkirakan” saja. Sebagai</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">contoh,
robot-robot yang dibuat untuk keperluan kontes seperti pada Kontes</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Robot Indonesia
(KRI). Gambar berikut mengilustrasikan diagram control loop tertutup</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">berdasarkan
ON/OFF. maka skema-skema control yang telah diterangkan sebelumnya, yaitu
control PID, RMRC dan RMAC/RAC dapat dikategorikan sebagai low-level control.
Pengertian ini didasrkan pada cara instalasi sensor dan cara membaca datanya,
yakni dengan mengukur langsung pada bagiantubuh/sendi/sumbu putar dari struktur
(robot). Sedangkan high level control adalah control yang bekerja berdasarkan
data-data sensor yang merupakan informasi tentang lingkungan dimana robot itu
bekerja. Misalnya control gerak mobile robot untuk meghindari halangan dan
mengejar obyek. Data-data sensor yang diperoleh dari sensor jarak seperti
ultrasonic. TX-RX inframerah, dsb, adalah mengandung informasi lingkungan
(eksternal). Jika diperhatikan, maka high-level control bertugas membentuk
input atau trajektori referensi bagi low-level control. Pada system robot
high-level control berkaitan dengan berbagai hal yang berhubungan dengan pemetaan
medan, perencanaan jelajah, metode penghindaran halangan, koordinasi antar
robot, dsb.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Beberapa skema
high level control pada umumnya digunakan antara lain:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pendekatan
Model-Plan-Act (MPA)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pendekatan
Behavior-based, dan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Pendekatan Finite State Machine (FSM)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">4. </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">PENGENALAN
ROBOT</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">4</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">.1.
Sejarah</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pertama
kali kata “ROBOT” digunakan di New York pada Oktober 1922 pada sebuah pentas
theater yang berjudul “RVR”, dinaskahi oleh Karel Caper. Kata <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u>Robot</u></i></b>
itu sendiri berasal dari sebuah kata <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u>robota</u></i></b> yang berarti kerja.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Tahun
1956, UNIMATION memulai bisnis robot dan baru pada tahun 1972 mendapatkan laba
dari usahanya tersebut. Istilah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">robot </i>makin populer setelah ada film
Starwars dan Robot R2D2 yaitu sekitar tahun 70-an.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">4</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">.2.
Definisi Robot & Robotik</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Banyak
terdapat tanggapan mengenai konsep robot, dimana robot diandalkan sebagai
tiruan manusia. Karena itu dicoba dibuat sebuah definisi untuk menghindari
hal-hal yang</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">
tidak diinginkan. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">“</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">low level control yang digunakan untuk mendefinisikan aksi primitive
dan mengkomunikasikan status sensor
kepda high level pada controller yang </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">disesuaikan untuk me</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">laksanakan
berbagai macam tugas</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">.</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></i></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">4</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">3</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">.
Komponen Dasar Sebuah Robot</span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Manipulator</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Mekanik </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Penyangga gerakan ( appendage)</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Base (pondasi / landasan robot)</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Controler</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Adalah jantung dari robot untuk
mengontrol (MP, RAM, ROM, Sensor dll).</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Power Supply</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sumber tenaga yang dibutuhkan
oleh robot, dapat berupa energi listrik, energi tekanan cairan ( hidrolik ),
atau energi tekanan udara ( Pneumatik ).</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">End Effector</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Untuk memenuhi kebutuhan dari
tugas robot atau si pemakai.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Tingkat Teknologi Robot</span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1. Robot teknologi rendah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> (low level control)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2. Robot teknologi menengah</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">3. Robot teknologi tinggi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> (high level control)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">4</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">.</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">4</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Robot teknologi rendah</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> (low level control)</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Robot
teknologi rendah digunakan dalam lingkungan industri untuk pekerjaaan seperti
mesin pemasang & pelepas, penangganan material, operasi pengepressan dan
operasi perakitan sederhana.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Karakteristik Robot teknologi
rendah :</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Siku, memiliki 2 sampai dengan 4
pergerakan siku dan biasanya robot teknologi rendah merupakan robot non servo.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Beban kerja, beban kerja untuk jenis
robot teknologi rendah berkisar 3 sampai dengan 13,6 kg.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Waktu siklus, adalah waktu yang perlukan
sebuah robot untuk bergerak dari satu posisi ke posisi berikutnya. Dimana waktu
siklus ini tergntung atas 2 faktor yaitu : beban kerja dan panjang lengan
manipulator. Robot teknologi rendah biasanya memiliki waktu siklus yang cukup
tinggi yaitu : 5 sampai dengan 10 Sekon.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ketelitian, adalah seberapa dekat sebuah
robot dapat menggerakan manipulatornya sesuai dengan titik yang telah
diprogramkannya. Erat hubungannya dengan ketelitian yaitu keseragaman. Keseragaman menggambarkan
seberapa sering sebuah robot melakukan program yang sama, mengulangi gerakannya
pada titik yang telah diberikan. Baik ketelitian dan keseragaman sangat penting
dalam sistem operasi berbagai robot. Untuk robot teknologi rendah ketelitiannya
berkisar 0,050 sampai dengan 0,025 mm.</span></div>
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</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Aktuasi, adalah metode pergerakan siku
suatu robot. Aktuasi dapat dicapai dengan menggunakan pneumatic, hidrolik,
maupun elektrik. Untuk robot yang berteknologi rendah biasanya menggunakan
motor listrik karena harganya murah dan operasinya mudah dikendalikan. </span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">4</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">.</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">5 </span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Robot teknologi menengah</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Robot
teknologi menengah umumnya digunakan untuk pekerjaaan mengambil dan meletakan
dan mesin pemasang & pelepas. Robot teknologi menengah memiliki kerumitan
yang lebih tinggi.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Karakteristik Robot teknologi
menengah :</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Siku, Robot teknologi menengah memiliki
jumlah siku yang lebih banyak dibandingkan dengan robot teknologi rendah dan
memiliki batere kerja yang lebih besar. Lengan robot ini juga memiliki kekuatan
manuver yang lebih untuk memanipulasi. Siku Robot teknologi menengah berjumlah
5 sampai dengan 6 pergerakan siku.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Beban kerja, beban kerja untuk jenis
robot teknologi menengah berkisar 68 sampai dengan 150 kg. Dengan bertambahnya
kemampuan beban kerja maka robot ini mampu menggantikan pekerja dalam situasi
dimana mengangkat bagian yang berat secara konstan ketika diperlukan.</span></div>
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</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Waktu siklus, Robot teknologi menengah
memiliki waktu siklus yaitu : dalam pergerakan siku sepanjang 25 sampai dengan
65 dapat ditempuh dalam waktu 1,0 Sekon. Semakin tinggi kompleksitas pekerjaan
dan makin berat beban kerja yang diberikan maka makin bersar pula nilai waktu
siklus yang diperoleh.</span></div>
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</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ketelitian, dengan bertambahnya jumlah
siku akan juga berpengaruh dengan meningkatnya ketelitian. Untuk robot
teknologi menengah ketelitiannya berkisar 0,2 sampai dengan 1,3 mm.</span></div>
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</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Aktuasi, Untuk robot yang berteknologi
menengah digerakkan oleh 2 tipe motor yaitu: listrik atau hidrolik. Alasan
menggunakan 2 tipe motor karena beban kerja yang berat.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">46 </span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">.Robot
teknologi tinggi</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> ( high level control)</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Robot
teknologi rendah digunakan dalam lingkungan industri untuk pekerjaaan yang
kompleksitasnya tinggi.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Karakteristik Robot teknologi
tinggi :</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Siku, memiliki 8 sampai dengan 10
pergerakan siku dan biasanya robot teknologi tinggi memiliki jenis pekerjaan
yang komplek dan manuver gerakan yang beragam.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Beban kerja, beban kerja untuk jenis
robot teknologi tinggi berkisar 150 sampai dengan 250 kg.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Waktu siklus, karena bertambahnya
gerakan dan kompleksitas kerja yang tinggi maka Waktu siklus untuk robot
teknologi tinggi berkisar : 10 sampai dengan 25 Sekon.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ketelitian, dengan bertambahnya jumlah
siku akan juga berpengaruh dengan meningkatnya ketelitian. Untuk robot
teknologi tinggi ketelitiannya berkisar 1,5 sampai dengan 3,0 mm.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Aktuasi, Untuk robot yang berteknologi
tinggi biasanya digerakkan oleh 3 tipe aktuator motor yaitu: listrik, hidrolik
dan pneumatik</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">5. </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">SISTEM KONTROL</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">5</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1 </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Bagian-Bagian Pada Kontrol Robot</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Kontrol
pada robot dapat dikelompokan dari level rendah, menengah dan tinggi. Secara
detail adalah sebagai berikut :</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Low Technology Controllers</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Mungkin
dapat diprogram untuk praktis atau tidak praktis. Tidak ada internal memory
amp.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<b><i><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sensor Internal
:</span></u></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">sensor
posisi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">sensor
kecepatan</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">sensor percepatan,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">contoh :</span></u></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">
dimana kaki robot harus berada saat
melangkah lagi</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Medium Technology Controllers</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Mempunyai 2 sampai 4 sumbu
bergerak dan memiliki mikroprosesor serta memori (terbatas). Tetapi I/O-nya
terbatas, delay setiap gerakan serta dapat diprogram jika kerja telah lengkap.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">High Technology Controllers</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Memiliki memori yang besar serta
punya mikroprosesor dan co-mikroprosesor. Bermacam-macam I/O, re-program dalam
waktu singkat. Mempunyai sampai dengan 9 axis. Dalam kontrolernya ada 5 bagian
penting, yaitu Power Supply, Interface, Axis Drive Board, </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Option Boards dan Mikroprosesor</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<b><i><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sensor
Eksternal:</span></u></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">sensor
taktil (tactile)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">berbasis
sentuhan: misalnya limit switch pada
robot.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">sensor
force dan sensor torsi (torque sensor),</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">sensor
proksimiti,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">sensor
jarak (sonar, PSD, dll),</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">sensor
vision (kamera),</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">gyro, kompas digital, detektor api, dan
sebagainya</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">contoh :</span></u></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> merencanakan memindahkan box keluar ruangan.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sensor</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sensor
pada robot industri ada dua kategori, yaitu :</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Internal Sensor </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Digunakan untuk mengontrol
posisi, kecermatan dan lain-lain. Contohnya adalah potensiometer, optical
encoder.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">External Sensor</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Digunakan untuk mengontrol dan
mengkoordinasi robot dengan environment. Contohnya adalah switch sentuh, infra
merah.Menurut jenis dan fungsinya dapat dilihat beberapa tipe sensor di bawah
ini :</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kontak Sensor</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Dapat digunakan untuk mendeteksi
kontak atau gaya. Ada dua jenis yaitu Touch Sensor dan Stress / Force Sensor.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Proximity Sensor </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Jika jarak antara obyek dan
sensor dekat. Misalnya untk mengetahui jarak dari objek.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Optical Sensor</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Untuk mengetahui ada atau
tidaknya suatu barang.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Vision Sensor</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Untuk mendefinisikan benda,
alignment dan inspection.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Voice Sensor</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Untuk mengenali jenis benda dan
melakukan perintah lewat suara.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Dan masih banyak jenis-jenis
sensor lainnya. Biasanya sensor digunakan untuk pengukuran kondisi fisis,
seperti temperature, tekanan, aliran listrik dan lain-lain</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">KEGUNAAN ROBOT</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Robot sangat bermanfaat untuk :</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Industri / Manufakturing</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Transportasi</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Lingkungan berbahaya</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Explorasi</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Layanan Personal </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Menbantu Manusia</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kesimpulan</span></u></b><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> :</span></i></b><i><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></u></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">konsep robotika memiliki dua jenis dua kendali robot yaitu low level dan high level control ,low level dan high
level control .low level controller digunakan untuk mendefiniskan status sensor kepada high level controller</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><i><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">SUMBER ;</span></u></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/fauziah/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">ttp://www.instalasilistrikrumah.com/cara-kerja-kontrol-level-tangki-air/</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/fauziah/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sistem Kontrol Praktis & Prak :
2. SISTEM KONTROL DASAR ROBOTIK</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/fauziah/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Tugino, “ Kontrol Robot”, Teknik Elektro
STTNAS Yogyakarta, 2008</span></div>
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</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Endra Pitowarno ©2007</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/fauziah/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Widiyanto, D., Supriyo, P.T, Kusuma, W.
A.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2008. <i>Formalisasi Navigasi Mobile
robot</i>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/fauziah/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Shanahan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">, M. and Mark Witkowski, 2000, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">High-Level
Robot Control Through Logic,</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/fauziah/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Clarke, Grumberg and Peled: "<i>Model
Checking</i>", page 14. The MIT Press, 1999.</span></div>
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<b><i><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">SOAL</span></u></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Apa contoh dari low level
control adalah :</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sensor internal</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sensor vision</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sensor cahaya</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sensor torsi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Apa yang di maksud dengan
high level controller pada robot adalah</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Mempunyai 2 sampai 4 sumbu bergerak dan
memiliki mikroprosesor serta memori (terbatas).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">b. Sensor
Eksternal yang terdapat sensor taktil (tactile) berbasis sentuhan:
misalnya limit switch pada robot. sensor
force dan sensor torsi (torque sensor),
sensor proksimit</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">c<b> </b></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Beban kerja, beban kerja untuk jenis
robot teknologi menengah berkisar 68 sampai </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">dengan
150 kg.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">d, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Robot
a perangkat mekanik yang dapat dikendalikan oleh perangkat lunak yang
menggunakan untuk memandu satu atau
lebih</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Apa
kegunaan pada low level dan high level control pada robot </span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Digunakan untuk mendefinisikan task berdasarkan
sensor yang ada menghasilakn lintasan pada robot ,dan aksi pada pengerakan
robot dari satu tempat ketempat lain .</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">konsep robotika memiliki dua jenis dua
kendali robot yaitu low level dan high level control</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">metode pergerakan siku suatu robot.
Aktuasi dapat dicapai dengan menggunakan pneumatic, hidrolik, maupun elektrik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kendali
navigasi robot, berada pada <i>high-level controller. </i>Kendali robot <i>high-level
</i>digunakan untuk mendefinisikan <i>task </i>(<i>task planner</i>)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Esay </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Apa
yang anda ketahui tentang low level dan high level control pada robot jelaskan
?</span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Jawab</span></i></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Low Technology Controllers</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Mungkin
dapat diprogram untuk praktis atau tidak praktis. Tidak ada internal memory
amp.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<b><i><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sensor Internal
:</span></u></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">sensor
posisi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">sensor
kecepatan</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">sensor percepatan,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<i><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">contoh :</span></u></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">
dimana kaki robot harus berada saat
melangkah lagi</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">High Technology Controllers</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Memiliki memori yang besar serta
punya mikroprosesor dan co-mikroprosesor. Bermacam-macam I/O, re-program dalam
waktu singkat. Mempunyai sampai dengan 9 axis. Dalam kontrolernya ada 5 bagian
penting, yaitu Power Supply, Interface, Axis Drive Board, </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Option Boards dan Mikroprosesor</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<b><i><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sensor
Eksternal:</span></u></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">sensor
taktil (tactile)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">berbasis
sentuhan: misalnya limit switch pada
robot.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">sensor
force dan sensor torsi (torque sensor),</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">sensor
proksimiti,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">sensor
jarak (sonar, PSD, dll),</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">sensor
vision (kamera),</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">gyro, kompas digital, detektor api, dan
sebagainya</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">contoh :</span></u></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> merencanakan memindahkan box keluar ruangan.</span></div>
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<br /></div>fauziah cantikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02664414677947736567noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8515943573727299838.post-31402493068089054422012-04-27T06:18:00.002-07:002012-04-27T06:19:06.532-07:00cara kerja DHCP<br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18pt;">Cara
Kerja</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Karena DHCP merupakan sebuah
protokol yang menggunakan arsitektur </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Client/server" title="Client/server"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">client/server</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">,
maka dalam DHCP terdapat dua pihak yang terlibat, yakni <b>DHCP Server</b> dan <b>DHCP
Client</b>.</span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">DHCP server</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">
merupakan sebuah mesin yang menjalankan layanan yang dapat “menyewakan”
alamat IP dan informasi TCP/IP lainnya kepada semua klien yang memintanya.
Beberapa sistem operasi jaringan seperti </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_NT" title="Windows NT"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Windows NT Server</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Windows 2000 Server</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Server_2003" title="Windows Server 2003"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Windows Server 2003</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">,
atau </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU/Linux" title="GNU/Linux"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">GNU/Linux</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> memiliki layanan seperti ini.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">DHCP client</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">
merupakan mesin klien yang menjalankan perangkat lunak klien DHCP yang
memungkinkan mereka untuk dapat berkomunikasi dengan DHCP Server. Sebagian
besar sistem operasi klien jaringan (</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_NT" title="Windows NT"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Windows NT Workstation</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Windows 2000 Professional</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_XP" title="Windows XP"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Windows XP</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">,
</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Windows Vista</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">, atau </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU/Linux" title="GNU/Linux"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">GNU/Linux</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">)
memiliki perangkat lunak seperti ini.</span></li>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">DHCP server umumnya memiliki
sekumpulan alamat yang diizinkan untuk didistribusikan kepada klien, yang
disebut sebagai <b>DHCP Pool</b>. Setiap klien kemudian akan menyewa alamat IP
dari DHCP Pool ini untuk waktu yang ditentukan oleh DHCP, biasanya hingga
beberapa hari. Manakala waktu penyewaan alamat IP tersebut habis masanya, klien
akan meminta kepada server untuk memberikan alamat IP yang baru atau
memperpanjangnya.</span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">DHCP Client</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> akan mencoba untuk mendapatkan “penyewaan” alamat IP dari
sebuah DHCP server dalam proses empat langkah berikut:</span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">DHCPDISCOVER</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">:
DHCP client akan menyebarkan request secara broadcast untuk mencari DHCP
Server yang aktif.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">DHCPOFFER</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">:
Setelah DHCP Server mendengar broadcast dari DHCP Client, DHCP server
kemudian menawarkan sebuah alamat kepada DHCP client.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">DHCPREQUEST</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">:
Client meminta DCHP server untuk menyewakan alamat IP dari salah satu
alamat yang tersedia dalam DHCP Pool pada DHCP Server yang bersangkutan.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">DHCPACK</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">:
DHCP server akan merespons permintaan dari klien dengan mengirimkan paket </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acknowledgment" title="Acknowledgment"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">acknowledgment</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">. Kemudian, DHCP Server akan menetapkan sebuah alamat
(dan konfigurasi </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IP" title="TCP/IP"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">TCP/IP</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> lainnya) kepada klien, dan memperbarui basis data
database miliknya. Klien selanjutnya akan memulai proses <i>binding</i>
dengan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Protocol_stack&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Protocol stack (belum dibuat)"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">tumpukan protokol</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">
</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IP" title="TCP/IP"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">TCP/IP</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">
dan karena telah memiliki alamat IP, klien pun dapat memulai komunikasi
jaringan.</span></li>
</ol>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Empat tahap di atas hanya berlaku
bagi klien yang belum memiliki alamat. Untuk klien yang sebelumnya pernah
meminta alamat kepada <i>DHCP server</i> yang sama, hanya tahap 3 dan tahap 4
yang dilakukan, yakni tahap pembaruan alamat (<i>address renewal</i>), yang
jelas lebih cepat prosesnya.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Berbeda dengan sistem DNS yang
terdistribusi, DHCP bersifat <i>stand-alone</i>, sehingga jika dalam sebuah
jaringan terdapat beberapa DHCP server, basis data alamat IP dalam sebuah <i>DHCP
Server</i> tidak akan direplikasi ke <i>DHCP server</i> lainnya. Hal ini dapat
menjadi masalah jika konfigurasi antara dua <i>DHCP server</i> tersebut
berbenturan, karena </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protokol_IP" title="Protokol IP"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">protokol IP</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> tidak mengizinkan dua <i>host</i> memiliki alamat yang
sama.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Selain dapat menyediakan alamat
dinamis kepada klien, DHCP Server juga dapat menetapkan sebuah alamat statik
kepada klien, sehingga alamat klien akan tetap dari waktu ke waktu.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Catatan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">: DHCP server harus memiliki alamat IP yang statis.</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8515943573727299838" name="DHCP_Scope"></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;">DHCP Scope</span></b></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">DHCP Scope</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> adalah alamat-alamat IP yang dapat disewakan kepada <i>DHCP
client</i>. Ini juga dapat dikonfigurasikan oleh seorang </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Administrator_jaringan&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Administrator jaringan (belum dibuat)"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">administrator</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> dengan
menggunakan peralatan konfigurasi <i>DHCP server</i>. Biasanya, sebuah alamat
IP disewakan dalam jangka waktu tertentu, yang disebut sebagai DHCP Lease, yang
umumnya bernilai tiga hari. Informasi mengenai DHCP Scope dan alamat IP yang
telah disewakan kemudian disimpan di dalam basis data DHCP dalam DHCP server.
Nilai alamat-alamat IP yang dapat disewakan harus diambil dari DHCP Pool yang
tersedia yang dialokasikan dalam jaringan. Kesalahan yang sering terjadi dalam
konfigurasi DHCP Server adalah kesalahan dalam konfigurasi <i>DHCP Scope</i>.</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8515943573727299838" name="DHCP_Lease"></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;">DHCP Lease</span></b></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">DHCP Lease</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> adalah batas waktu penyewaan alamat IP yang diberikan
kepada DHCP client oleh DHCP Server. Umumnya, hal ini dapat dikonfigurasikan
sedemikian rupa oleh seorang administrator dengan menggunakan beberapa
peralatan konfigurasi (dalam Windows NT Server dapat menggunakan <i>DHCP
Manager</i> atau dalam Windows 2000 ke atas dapat menggunakan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Management_Console" title="Microsoft Management Console"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Microsoft
Management Console</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> [MMC]). <i>DHCP Lease</i> juga
sering disebut sebagai <i>Reservation</i>.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;">DHCP
Options</span></b></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">DHCP Options</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> adalah tambahan pengaturan alamat IP yang diberikan oleh
DHCP ke DHCP client. Ketika sebuah klien meminta alamat IP kepada server,
server akan memberikan paling tidak sebuah alamat IP dan alamat </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subnet_mask" title="Subnet mask"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">subnet jaringan</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">.
DHCP server juga dapat dikonfigurasikan sedemikian rupa agar memberikan
tambahan informasi kepada klien, yang tentunya dapat dilakukan oleh seorang
administrator. DHCP Options ini dapat diaplikasikan kepada semua klien, <i>DHCP
Scope</i> tertentu, atau kepada sebuah host tertentu dalam jaringan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Dalam jaringan berbasis </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_NT" title="Windows NT"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Windows NT</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">,
terdapat beberapa DHCP Option yang sering digunakan, yang dapat disusun dalam
tabel berikut.</span></div>
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<br /></div>fauziah cantikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02664414677947736567noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8515943573727299838.post-65312693797521696082012-04-03T17:41:00.001-07:002012-04-03T17:44:17.338-07:00BENEFITS OF GREEN COCONUT<span id="result_box" class="" lang="en"><span title="Salah satu produk dari kelapa adalah airnya, ternyata dalam larutannya, air buah nyiur ini punya khasiat dan nilai gizi yang luar biasa.">One product of the coconut is the water, apparently in the solution, this coconut juice has properties and exceptional nutritional value. </span><span title="Bukan hanya unsur makro berupa nitrogen dan karbon, tetapi juga unsur mikro yang sangat dibutuhkan tubuh ada di air kelapa.">Not only the macro elements of nitrogen and carbon, but also the micro elements that are needed by the body in coconut milk. </span><span title="Unsur nitrogen di dalamnya berupa protein yang tersusun dari asam amino, seperti alanin, sistin, arginin, alin, dan serin.">The element nitrogen inside a protein molecule composed of amino acids, such as alanine, cystine, arginine, alin, and serine.<br /><br /></span><span title="Dibandingkan asam amino yang terdapat di susu sapi, asam amino yang terkandung dalam air kelapa ternyata lebih tinggi.">Compared amino acid contained in cow's milk, amino acids contained in coconut water was higher. </span><span title="Sementara unsur karbon dapat dijumpai dalam bentuk karbohidrat sederhana seperti glukosa, sukrosa, fruktosa, sorbitol, inositol, dan lainnya.">While the element carbon can be found in the form of simple carbohydrates such as glucose, sucrose, fructose, sorbitol, inositol, and others. </span><span title="Begitu pula dengan unsur mikro dalam air kelapa berupa mineral yang dibutuhkan sebagai penganti ion tubuh.">Similarly, micro-nutrients in the form of coconut water mineral ions needed as a substitute for the body. </span><span title="Layak memang, bila setelah minum kelapa muda tubuh kita terasa kembali segar.">Worthy indeed, when the young coconut drink our body feel fresh again.<br /><br /></span><span title="Jika diteliti lebih jauh, air kelapa ternyata juga mengandung beragam vitamin.">When examined further, coconut water was also concentrated sources of vitamins. </span><span title="Di antaranya vitamin C yang dominan, asam nikotinat, asam folat, asam pantotenat, biotin, serta riboflavin.">Among these are the dominant vitamin C, nicotinic acid, folic acid, pantothenic acid, biotin, and riboflavin. </span><span title="Tak heran jika air kelapa juga dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan pengobatan tradisional sekaligus kecantikan.">No wonder the coconut water is also used as ingredients in traditional beauty treatments.<br /><br /></span><span title="Di samping itu, secara khusus, air kelapa kaya akan potasium (kalium).">In addition, in particular, coconut water is rich in potassium (potash). </span><span title="Selain mineral, air kelapa juga mengandung gula (bervariasi antara 1,7 sampai 2,6 persen) dan protein (0,07- 0,55 persen).">Besides minerals, coconut water also contains sugar (varying between 1.7 to 2.6 percent) and protein (0.07 to 0.55 per cent). </span><span title="Karena komposisi gizi yang demikian ini, maka air kelapa berpotensi dijadikan bahan baku produk pangan.">Because the nutrient composition as such, then the coconut water has the potential to be used as raw materials for food products.<br /><br /></span><span title="Di Filipina, air kelapa dimanfaatkan untuk proses pembuatan minuman, jelly, alkohol, dektran, cuka, dan nata de coco.">In the Philippines, coconut water is used for the manufacture of beverages, jelly, alcohol, dektran, vinegar, and nata de coco. </span><span title="Di Indonesia, air kelapa digunakan sebagai minuman (air kelapa muda) dan media pembuatan nata de coco.">In Indonesia, used as a drink of coconut water (coconut water) and the media making nata de coco.<br /><br /></span><span title="Apa saja manfaat air kelapa?:">What are the benefits of coconut water?:<br /><br /></span><span title="a.">a. </span><span title="Air kelapa berkhasiat sebagai diuretik, yaitu untuk memperlancar pengeluaran air seni.">Coconut water is efficacious as a diuretic, which is to expedite expenditure of urine. </span><span title="Air kelapa muda dicampur dengan sedikit sari jeruk sitrun bermanfaat untuk mengatasi dehidrasi, juga untuk memerangi gangguan cacing dalam perut anak-anak kecil.">Young coconut water mixed with a little lemon juice beneficial to treat dehydration, as well as to combat the disorder in the stomach worm small children.<br /><br /></span><span title="b.">b. </span><span title="Jika air kelapa muda yang dicampur dengan susu amat baik untuk makanan anak.">If coconut water mixed with milk is very good for the child's diet. </span><span title="Campuran air kelapa muda tersebut mempunyai khasiat untuk mencegah penggumpalan susu dalam perut, muntah, sembelit, dan sakit pencernaan.">A mixture of coconut water that have properties to prevent the clotting of milk in the stomach, vomiting, constipation, and gastrointestinal illness.<br /><br /></span><span title="c.">c. </span><span title="Air kelapa juga mempunyai bermacam-macam khasiat sebagai obat.">Coconut water also has a variety of properties as a drug. </span><span title="Di antaranya, minum air kelapa muda juga dapat membantu mengatasi pengaruh racun obat sulfa dan antibiotika lain, sehingga menjadikan obat-obat itu lebih cepat diserap darah.">Among other things, drinking coconut water can also help overcome the toxic effects of sulfa drugs and other antibiotics, making the drugs more quickly absorbed the blood.<br /><br /></span><span title="d.">d. </span><span title="Mencuci muka dengan air kelapa secara kontinu tiap hari dapat menyembuhkan atau melenyapkan jerawat, noda-noda hitam, kerutan pada wajah yang datang lebih dini, kulit mengering, dan wajah menjadi tampak berseri.">Wash your face with coconut water continuously each day to cure or eliminate acne, dark spots, wrinkles on the face that came early, dry skin, and face a visible glow.<br /><br /></span><span title="e.">e. </span><span title="Campurlah air kelapa dengan sedikit madu.">Mix coconut milk with a little honey. </span><span title="Ramuan ini merupakan tonikum yang murah tetapi berkhasiat.">This is a tonic herb that cheap but nutritious. </span><span title="Ramuan ini merangsang pusat-pusat seksual tubuh dan meniadakan akibat buruk gairah seksual berlebih.">This herb stimulates the body's sexual centers and eliminate the harmful effects of excess sexual desire.<br /><br /></span><span title="f.">f. </span><span title="Jerawat membandel dapat diobati dengan campuran 25 gram pasta kunyit dengan segelas air kelapa, lalu dibiarkan selama semalam suntuk, kemudian tambahkan 3 sendok teh bubuk cendana merah.">Stubborn acne can be treated with a mixture of 25 grams of saffron pasta with a glass of coconut water, then left for the night, then add 3 teaspoons of red sandalwood powder. </span><span title="Aduk-aduklah semua bahan tersebut sampai rata, kemudian disimpan lagi tanpa terganggu selama 3 hari.">Stir, stir all ingredients until smooth, then saved again undisturbed for 3 days. </span><span title="Saringlah ramuan tadi dengan tiga lapis kain kasa.">Strain ingredient with three layers of gauze. </span><span title="Simpan sari tadi dalam botol, dan oleskan pada muka dua kali sehari hingga jerawat lenyap.">Save the juice was in the bottle, and apply on your face twice a day until the acne disappears.<br /><br /></span><span title="g.">g. </span><span title="Air kelapa juga berkhasiat sebagai obat luka, telapak kaki pecah-pecah, dan eksim.">Coconut water is also efficacious as a cure wounds, broken foot, and eczema. </span><span title="Membuat ramuannya relatif mudah.">Relatively easy to make a potion. </span><span title="Rendamlah segenggam beras dalam air kelapa muda bersama tempurungnya sampai beras terasa asam karena peragian, kemudian beras digiling menjadi bubuk halus.">Soak a handful of rice in coconut water with its shell until the rice turns sour because of fermentation, then rice ground into fine powder. </span><span title="Tepung beras tersebut digunakan dengan dioleskan setiap hari selama 3-4 hari pada bagian tubuh yang sakit.">Rice flour is used topically every day for 3-4 days in the sick body.<br /><br /></span><span title="h.">h. </span><span title="Jika air kelapa muda dicampur dengan sejumput bubuk kunyit dan air kapur sirih dalam ukuran sama merupakan obat luka bakar dan meniadakan rasa panas pada telapak kaki dan tangan.">If coconut water mixed with a pinch of turmeric powder and water whiting in equal measure is the burn treatment and eliminate the heat on your feet and hands.<br /><br /></span><span title="Kelapa ijo merupakan salah satu jenis dari berbagai spesies yang pada pohon kelapa.">Green coconut is one of the types of various species of the palm tree. </span><span title="Secara fisik sangat sulit untuk membedakan mana yang kelapa ijo dan hijau.">Physically it is very difficult to distinguish where the green and the green coconut. </span><span title="Tapi, setelah dibelah, baru telihat perbedaannya.">But, after the split, the new difference is seen. </span><span title="Kelapa ijo jika dikupas, seratnya berwarna merah.">Coconut green when peeled, red fiber. </span><span title="Rasa airnya rada pahit, tidak seperti kelapa hijau yang segar kendati tidak dicampur dengan gula.">Rada water taste bitter, not like a fresh green coconut though it is not mixed with sugar.<br /><br /></span><span title="Kelapa ijo ditengarai merupakan obat terbaik untuk beberapa penyakit seperti: panas dalam, sembelit, penetral racun, demam berdarah, cacingan, disentri.">Green coconut is suspected is the best medicine for several diseases such as: heartburn, constipation, neutralizing toxins, dengue fever, intestinal worms, dysentery. </span><span title="Bila digunakan untuk membasuh muka, maka manfaat kelapa ijo bisa menghilangkan jerawat, menghaluskan kulit muka, mengencangkan kulit (anti aging) dan bila digunakan untuk keramas, bisa mencegah timbulnya uban.">When used for washing face, then the benefits of green coconut can eliminate acne, smoothes the face skin, tightens the skin (anti aging) and when used to wash, can prevent the onset of gray hair.<br /><br /></span><span title="Selain itu, kelapa ijo juga bisa dijadikan terapi gurah, caranya dengan mengembunkan satu malan air kelapa ijo, lalu diminum paginya.">In addition, green coconut can also be used as therapeutic gurah, how to condense a prophecy green coconut water, then drink the next morning. </span><span title="Bila hal ini dilakukan setiap pagi, insya Allah suara akan menjadi lebih panjang dan merdu.">When this is done every morning, God willing, the sound will be long and sweet.<br /></span><span title="SUMBER rahasiakeluarga.com">SOURCE rahasiakeluarga.com<br /></span><span title="Apakah menurut anda artikel ini bermanfaat?">Do you think this article useful? </span><span title="jika ya klik "bagikan"">if so click the "share"<br /></span><span title="Semoga bermanfaat buat teman2">May be useful for friends<br /><br /><br /></span></span>he source of the www busanamuslimgrosir comfauziah cantikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02664414677947736567noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8515943573727299838.post-55954466820378134852012-04-03T17:35:00.001-07:002012-04-03T17:37:57.837-07:00MOTHER prayer for her son<span id="result_box" class="" lang="en"><span title="Ya Ghaffar, ya Rahim">Ya Ghaffar, ya Rahim<br /></span><span title="Kau letakkan di rahim kami anak-anak ini">You put it in the womb of our children<br /></span><span title="Kau amanatkan diri-diri mereka pada lindungan kasih-sayang kami">You're self-mandated themselves to the protection of our affection<br /></span><span title="kau percayakan jiwa-jiwa mereka pada bimbingan ruhani kami">You entrust their souls to the spiritual guidance of our<br /></span><span title="Kau hangatkan tubuh-tubuh mereka dengan dekapan cinta kami">You warm up their bodies with the arms of our love<br /></span><span title="Kau besarkan badan-badan mereka dengan aliran air susu kami">You exaggerate their bodies with a stream of milk we<br /><br /><br /><br /></span><span title="Tuhan kami, kami telah sia-siakan kepercayaan-Mu">Our Lord, we have wasted thy trust<br /></span><span title="kesibukan telah menyebabkan kami melupakan amanat-Mu">activity has caused us to forget the mandate of your<br /></span><span title="hawa nafsu telah menyeret kami untuk menelantarkan buah hati kami">passions have been dragging us to abandon our baby<br /></span><span title="tidak sempat kami gerakkan bibir-bibir mereka untuk berzikir kepada-Mu">we could not move their lips for the remembrance of Thee<br /></span><span title="tidak sempat kami tuntun mereka untuk membesarkan asma-Mu">we had not guided them to raise thy asthma<br /></span><span title="tidak sempat kami tanamkan dalam hati mereka kecintaan kepada Nabi-Mu">we could not bear in their hearts the love of Thy Prophet<br /><br /></span><span title="Kami berlomba mengejar status dan kebanggaan">We raced the pursuit of status and pride<br /></span><span title="meninggalkan anak-anak kami dalam kekosongan dan kesepian">leave our children in the emptiness and loneliness<br /></span><span title="Kami memoles wajah-wajah kami dengan kepalsuan">We polish our faces with falsehood<br /></span><span title="membiarkan anak-anak kami meronta dalam kebisuan">let our children struggling in silence<br /></span><span title="Kami terlena memburu kesenangan">We pursue pleasures lulled<br /></span><span title="sehingga tak kami dengar lagi mereka menangis manja">so that we no longer hear them crying spoiled<br /></span><span title="sambil memandang kami dengan pandangan cinta">looking at us with a look of love<br /></span><span title="seperti dulu, ketika mereka mengeringkan air mata mereka">as before, when they dried their tears<br /></span><span title="dalam kehangatan dada-dada kami">in the warmth of our chest chest<br /><br /></span><span title="Dosa-dosa kami telah membuat anak-anak kami">Our sins have made our children<br /></span><span title="menjadi pemberang, pembangkang, dan penentang-Mu">be tempered, dissidents, and opponents of thy<br /></span><span title="Dosa-dosa kami telah membuat hati mereka">Our sins have made their hearts<br /></span><span title="keras, kasar, kejam, dan tidak tahu berterima kasih">loud, rude, cruel, and ungrateful<br /></span><span title="Sebelum Engkau ampuni mereka, Ya Allah ampunilah lebih dahulu dosa-dosa kami">Before You forgive them, God forgive the sins of the first we<br /><br /></span><span title="Ya Allah, berilah kami peluang untuk mendekap tubuh mereka">O God, give us the opportunity to embrace their bodies<br /></span><span title="dengan dekapan kasih sayang kami">with the arms of our love<br /></span><span title="berilah kami waktu untuk melantunkan pada telinga mereka">Give us time to sing in their ears<br /></span><span title="ayat-ayat Alquran dan Sunnah Nabi-Mu">passages from the Koran and the Sunnah of the Prophet Mu-<br /><br /></span><span title="Berilah kami kesempatan untuk sering menghadap-Mu">Give us the opportunity for frequent face-Mu<br /></span><span title="dan memohon kepada-Mu seusai salat kami">and appeal to you after our prayers<br /></span><span title="untuk keselamatan, kesejahteraan, dan kebahagiaan anak-anak kami">for safety, prosperity, and happiness of our children<br /><br /></span><span title="Bangunkan kami di tengah malam untuk merintih kepada-Mu">Wake us up at night to moan to you<br /></span><span title="mengadukan derita dan petaka yang menimpa anak-anak negeri ini.">pain complaints and the disaster that befell the children of this country.<br /></span><span title="Izinkan kami membasahi tempat sujud kami">Let us bow our wet the<br /></span><span title="dengan air mata penyesalan akan kelalaian kami">with tears of remorse we will neglect<br /><br /></span><span title="Ya Allah, ya Jabbar, ya Ghaffar">Ya Allah, ya Jabbar, O Ghaffar<br /></span><span title="Anugerahkan kepada kami para pemimpin kami kearifan">Bestowed upon us by our leaders wisdom<br /></span><span title="untuk mendidik anak-anak negeri ini dalam">to educate the children of this country in<br /></span><span title="kesalehan Berikan kepada mereka petunjuk-Mu">Give them instructions piety of thy<br /></span><span title="sehingga mereka menjadi suri teladan bagi kami dan anak-anak kami">so that they become role models for us and our children<br /></span><span title="Limpahkan kepada mereka perlindungan-Mu">Bestowed upon them thy protection<br /></span><span title="supaya mereka melindungi kami dengan keadilan-Mu">that they may protect us by thy justice<br /></span><span title="Jauhkan mereka dari kezaliman">Keep them from the tyranny<br /></span><span title="sehingga kami dapat mengabdi-Mu dengan tentram dan aman">so that we may serve Thee with a peaceful and safe<br /><br /></span><span title="Ya Rahman, ya Rahim">Ya Rahman, ya Rahim<br /></span><span title="Indahkan kehidupan kami dengan kesalehan anak-anak kami">Heed our lives with our children's piety<br /></span><span title="Peliharalah anak-anak kami yang kecil">Nurture our children are small<br /></span><span title="Kuatkanlah anak-anak kami yang lemah">Strengthen our children are weak<br /></span><span title="Sucikan kalbu mereka">Purify their hearts<br /></span><span title="Bersihkan kehormatan mereka">Clean their honor<br /></span><span title="Sehatkan badan mereka">Sehatkan their bodies<br /></span><span title="Cerdaskan akal mereka">Their sense Cerdaskan<br /></span><span title="Indahkan akhlak mereka">Heed their moral<br /></span><span title="Gabungkanlah mereka bersama orang-orang yang bertakwa kepada-Mu">Combine them with those who fear Thee<br /></span><span title="yang mencintai Nabi-Mu, keluarganya yang suci, dan sahabatnya yang mulia">who love Thy Prophet, the holy family, and a noble friend<br /></span><span title="yang berbakti kepada orangtuanya yang bermanfaat kepada bangsanya">devoted to her parents that are beneficial to the nation<br /></span><span title="yang berkhidmat kepada sesama manusia">are submissive to men<br /><br /></span><span title="Wahai Zat yang nama-Nya menjadi pengobat">O agents that his name be healers<br /></span><span title="yang sebutan-Nya penyembuhan">the designation of his healing<br /></span><span title="yang ketaatan-Nya kecukupan">the sufficiency of His obedience<br /></span><span title="sayangi kami yang modalnya hanya harapan">We care about the capital only hope<br /></span><span title="dan senjatanya hanya tangisan">and the gun just crying<br /></span><span title="Semoga bisa jadi bahan renungan buat semua.">Hopefully it could be food for thought for all.<br /><br /><br /></span></span>source www busanamuslimgrosir comfauziah cantikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02664414677947736567noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8515943573727299838.post-12608537631703448452012-04-03T17:27:00.001-07:002012-04-03T17:31:37.838-07:00of a leaf as regards the merits<div id="target_text_2" style="line-height: 1.7; padding: 5px; text-align: justify;color:#def0fd;">You just better know * * * * benefits of a leaf as regards the benefit of a leaf as regards that has many appendages we know is as seasoning for flavoring in cookery . However , whether you already know about the benefits of a leaf as regards that can be used to remedy ? Yes , the leaves from plants by its latin name syzygium polyanthum this is indeed can be used to make a natural and curing all kinds of disease . In general , it is characteristic of plants having tree with high , which could reach up to 25 meters , leaved luxuriance , and have a taproot . A leaf as regards having helaian with an oblong form to an ellipse with tapered ends . In addition to the benefit of a leaf as regards mostly used as seasoning the kitchen , the bark of the tree can be used for wickerwork bamboo and coloring material mesh . The benefits of a leaf as regards to drug natural among other diseases could treat diabetes , piddle sweet , an ulcer ( gastritis ) , high blood pressure ( hypertension ) , uric acid , to degrade kolessor<br /><br />source : <span class="text_exposed_show"><a href="http://www.busanamuslimgrosir.com/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow nofollow">www.busanamuslimgrosir.com</a></span><br /><br /></div> <h2 style="text-align: justify;" class="result_sub_title_language"><br /></h2>fauziah cantikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02664414677947736567noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8515943573727299838.post-89206771933549262732012-04-03T17:15:00.003-07:002012-04-03T17:24:29.450-07:00The LOVE of a HUSBAND and wifeThe LOVE of a HUSBAND and wife pair of husband-wife pair of husbands, There where the wife is a very very beautiful lady without the slightest defect and her husband are very loving, so does his wife. On that day, being rampant spread of skin diseases which consequently ruining the beauty of the skin and the wife felt her contracting her face began to crumble had succumbed to the disease at that time the husband was outside and the blm know that his wife he had a skin disease tsb. On the way home, the husband had an accident-husband became blind as a result. Day by day .... the wife wrote in the beginning turns into a female APSARA who is very ugly and eerie but the husband couldnt see and then life goes on as usual dg affectionate and love as their early marriage. & amp; amp; # 914; erjalan 40th the wife and the husband died very sad & amp; feel lost. tomb the husband the last person who came out of the Department conducts seminars<br /><br />a source : a source <span class="text_exposed_show">ekoalan.com and busanamuslim.com<br /></span>fauziah cantikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02664414677947736567noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8515943573727299838.post-5745037146286727342012-04-03T17:09:00.003-07:002012-04-03T17:13:53.626-07:00if I fall in loveYa Allah ....,<br /><br />If I fell in love ....,<br /><br />love me to someone who harbors a love for you ...<br /><br />In order to increase my strength ... to love you ....<br /><br /><br />Muhaimin .... Yes,<br /><br />If I fell in love ....,<br /><br />Let me touch the heart ....<br />A person whose heart is linked to You ....<br /><br />in order not to fall in the abyss of love lust me ...<br /><br /><br />Yes Rabbana ...,<br /><br />If I fell in love ...,<br /><br />Take care not to turn her heart rather than your heart ..<br /><br />O Lord of Izzati ....,<br /><br />If I miss .....,<br /><br />miss me to someone who miss martyrdom in Your way ...<br /><br /><br />Ya Allah .....,<br /><br />If I love your lover ... enjoy,<br /><br />Do not exceed the enjoyment of pleasure in the beauty commune with god last third of the night ..<br /><br /><br />Ya Allah ....,<br /><br />If I fell in love with your boyfriend ....,<br /><br />Do not let me stumbled and fell in a long journey of human calling to you ...<br /><br /><br />Oh God ...,<br /><br />If you kosher I miss lover ....,<br /><br />Do not let me go beyond the limits ....<br /><br />So forget I'm in real love and eternal longing only to you. Amin .fauziah cantikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02664414677947736567noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8515943573727299838.post-54028556922478010302012-04-03T17:01:00.003-07:002012-04-03T17:06:26.760-07:00meet angels of heavenSome people tried to buy the Angels by reading the Quran till finish (not just) thirty times. later, in one night before they were perfected and repeat the readings they asleep, in his sleep they dream of seeing Angels said to them. Do you want to applied are both your eyes dormant desire. are both eyes dormant desire. Sleep of those who want me was a ban. because are absolutely we created for each person who is praying a lot and add to it by fasting.<br /><br /> Source: meeting in heavenfauziah cantikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02664414677947736567noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8515943573727299838.post-19751079241390426932012-04-03T16:50:00.005-07:002012-04-03T17:00:16.696-07:00the leader of the house of some male for womenhe male is the leader for women by because God has melebihkan some of them (men) over some of the other women because they have been males spend a portion of their property, therefore the women Dharma, was obedient to God, to keep ourselves husband does not exist, as they are by God maintaining them. the women you're worried about nusyuznya, then nasehatilah them in their beds, then if they mentatimu, then you shall find the path to incommoded. are absolutely of GOD most high, most great again (QS-an-Nisa:: 34)<br /><br /><table width="100%" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr class="result_tr"><td class="left_td"><div class="result_sub_title_query"><span class="mark_word "></span></div> <br /></td> <td class="right_td"> <div class="result_text">source book my marriage rush</div></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br /> <table style="width: 697px; height: 18px;" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr class="result_tr"><td class="left_td"><br /></td> <td class="right_td"><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><table width="100%" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr class="result_tr"><td class="left_td"><div class="result_sub_title_query"><span class="mark_word "></span></div> <br /></td> <td class="right_td"> <br /></td></tr></tbody></table>fauziah cantikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02664414677947736567noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8515943573727299838.post-72135118958179796832012-04-03T16:47:00.001-07:002012-04-03T16:49:18.556-07:00poetryStay with me the night breeze<br />Illumination of the full moon tonight<br />So I do not own<br />So I had no fear of the dark night<br /><br />Detingan endlessly rotating clockwise<br />As if he would know this loneliness<br />He also accompanied me in the quiet<br />These tears could not be stopped<br /><br />Dripping wet cheeks<br />Think it was very heart menyusuk<br />I can not taste treat<br />A buoyant sense of longing in this soul<br /><br />I wish you were here<br />If only you did not go<br />I wish you'd understand<br />Maybe these tears<br />Will be replaced with a knowing smilefauziah cantikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02664414677947736567noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8515943573727299838.post-53736678815083793102012-04-03T16:43:00.001-07:002012-04-03T16:44:55.887-07:00Muslims love wordsThe words of love islamic 1:<br /><br /> O Allah, I beg your love, love those who love you, and love of action that can bring myself to love you. (Reported by At-Tirmidhi)<br /><br />Islamic words of love 2:<br /><br /> Love only modest lover, who knows later will be your enemy. Only modest and hate your enemy, who knows later on will be your lover.<br /><br /> Ali ibn Abi Talib<br /><br />Islamic words of love 3:<br /><br /> Who loves to meet Allah, Allah will love to meet him. And whoever does not love to meet Allah, Allah would not love to meet him. (Bukhari)<br /><br />Islamic words of love 4:<br /><br /> You disobeyed God, but you are admitted to his love? It was a strange situation like this. If your love is sincere, of course you will obey him. For indeed, those who love it would always be obedient to his beloved.<br /><br /> Dr. Aidh Al-Qarni<br /><br />The words of love islamic 5:<br /><br /> I laughed (surprised) to those who chase (love) the world but death continues after him, and to those who neglect death but death never fails to it, and to those who laughed when her mouth full do not know whether pleasure or wrath of God against .<br /><br />sumber : googlefauziah cantikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02664414677947736567noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8515943573727299838.post-11678557091622168462012-04-03T16:32:00.006-07:002012-04-03T16:39:55.948-07:00my love for you of god<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmAluGbU3LSwgGkn3AK3lA20gbF9HcExNvJduLKhdoYmWQmD0ZI9bKbEtKv6V0rNpLRvHu0ZNbpXqOGKGvMeoApVhcTF_Vln0X_s3GQKWS61ZKP8EYgip0DpyFhITQ6VI575mD68vS2p4/s1600/ana.jpg"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 456px; height: 163px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmAluGbU3LSwgGkn3AK3lA20gbF9HcExNvJduLKhdoYmWQmD0ZI9bKbEtKv6V0rNpLRvHu0ZNbpXqOGKGvMeoApVhcTF_Vln0X_s3GQKWS61ZKP8EYgip0DpyFhITQ6VI575mD68vS2p4/s400/ana.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5727322277215453666" border="0" /></a>my love for you God. every day after the second sense I understand about second science islam started from reading the Quran, tafsir, Hadith, tajwid, study of religion. hanging out with friends that Salih. love me on yours, my GOD grew, the journey that I had gone through the past I made what lessons does this life without your love, deep in your trust disisiku. I think the love is a wonderful love to someone it didn't. love on someone can be destroyed, and we betray our is not with us anymore. He can get back to you if you have willed kunfayakun. It turns out true love is love unto you that never betray and loyal servant. provide sustenance and life is beautiful. o God I couldn't help much in your trust at all I want to always my love to you has always been in my heart the most in the hart. and I was with a Salih in heaven later on at the end of amin ya ALLAH. WASALAM FAUZIAHfauziah cantikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02664414677947736567noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8515943573727299838.post-74872482021471106092012-03-26T22:40:00.001-07:002012-03-26T22:41:58.686-07:00Bahasa inggris bisnis 2 articel passive<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 24.0pt; line-height: 115%;">BATIK</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Batik as still popular in indonesia.wherever you go,you will see many people wearing”batik”. Nowadays,students from cretain schools wear “batik” shirts or blouses as their unifrom . do you know how “ batik “ cloth is made ?</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">“ batik” making<b> <u>is traditionally made</u> </b>by women,either at home or in a small workshop. The material used is usually cotton . today however,silk,satin and other materials are also used.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">The design <b><u>is outlined</u></b> on the piece cloth in pencil or charcoal. Molten wax<b> <u>is the applied</u></b> by using ‘canting’ . the ‘ canting <u>‘ <b>is used</b></u> to draw the pattern on the cloth. The material <u><b>is then</b> <b>dipped</b></u> in a dye. Wax <b><u>is applied</u></b> to certain area in order that the colour does not penetrate. The wax <b><u>is then removed</u></b> and the procces<b> <u>is repeated</u></b> with different coloured dye .</span></span></div>fauziah cantikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02664414677947736567noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8515943573727299838.post-44388706587190740362012-03-26T20:57:00.007-07:002012-03-26T21:21:07.576-07:00Tugas 2 bahasa inggris bisnis Active passive sentencesActive passive sentences 1.<br /><br /><br /><p><u><b><span style="font-family:Arial;"><a name="Active_voice">Active voice</a></span></b></u></p> <p><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;">In most English sentences with an action verb, the subject performs the action denoted by the <a href="http://www.towson.edu/ows/verbs.htm">verb</a>.</span></p> <p> <span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;"> These examples show that the <a href="http://www.towson.edu/ows/nouns.htm#Subject"> subject</a> is <i>doing</i> the verb's action.</span></p><p><br /></p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiD075pSmLPsiQL32b7D1Zk7XfxmM3t9jL0euffOTN-5gkRt4-VZEaQjHVfVcQI9IUpEbb7HMh3g8Mpgy0JG1qscOiDYZTkKJL5jH8JPLPrJGoAlQBy3dHoJSBNC5J2-SDiE1EiIJ9a7Ug/s1600/active+voice.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 207px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiD075pSmLPsiQL32b7D1Zk7XfxmM3t9jL0euffOTN-5gkRt4-VZEaQjHVfVcQI9IUpEbb7HMh3g8Mpgy0JG1qscOiDYZTkKJL5jH8JPLPrJGoAlQBy3dHoJSBNC5J2-SDiE1EiIJ9a7Ug/s400/active+voice.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5724421482078600866" border="0" /></a></p><p><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;">Because the subject does or "acts upon" the verb in such sentences, the sentences are said to be in the <b>active voice.</b></span></p> <p> </p><br /><p><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;">To change a sentence from active to passive voice, do the following:</span></p><p><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;"> 1. Move the active sentence's direct object into the sentence's subject slot</span></p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcGJqKcmi1CBwvMhujS1yYmO1ga4nuwIIEbyVPCvO8UwSRUWyxS1I5kTDF-jD-9VM8IRIoXHI36bpfQ-FU-IQz3MKJtRnLQApE88voPylOTwewopiwv_UEf2glRQ2xWk8Bn47XMO2GtW4/s1600/actif++new.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 104px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcGJqKcmi1CBwvMhujS1yYmO1ga4nuwIIEbyVPCvO8UwSRUWyxS1I5kTDF-jD-9VM8IRIoXHI36bpfQ-FU-IQz3MKJtRnLQApE88voPylOTwewopiwv_UEf2glRQ2xWk8Bn47XMO2GtW4/s400/actif++new.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5724422652190953522" border="0" /></a></p><p><br /></p><p><strong>Active Form </strong><br />In active sentences, the thing doing the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing receiving the action is the object. Most sentences are active.<br /><br /><strong>[Thing doing action] + [verb] + [thing receiving action]</strong><br /><br /><strong>Examples:</strong><br /><br />The professor teaches the student.</p><p>rumus : Present continous tense :<br /><br />-Active => is/am/are + verb ing</p><p>-Active => will + verb 1</p><p>-Active => has/have + been + verb ing</p><p>-Active => had + verb 3</p><p>example :<br /><br />Active<br /><br />- dudi washes the car everyday<br /><br />- they are lifting the stones<br /><br />- I will buy a bag<br /><br />- we sold the car last month<br /><br />- they have painted their house blue<br /><br />- she had posted the letter before she came here<br /><br />- she has been reading a book for 5 house<br /><br />- mirna writes a letter for her brother every month<br /><br />- the doctor is examining the patient at the moment<br /><br />- the rich man will sell his luxurious house to pay for his debt</p><p><br /></p><p><span style="font-family:Arial;"><u><b><a name="Passive_voice">Passive voice</a></b></u></span></p> <p><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;">One can change the normal word order of many active sentences (those with a <a href="http://www.towson.edu/ows/nouns.htm#Direct%20Object"> direct object</a>) so that the subject is no longer <i>active</i>, but is, instead, being <i>acted upon</i> by the verb - or <i>passive.</i></span></p> <p><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;"> Note in these examples how the subject-verb relationship has changed.</span></p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidAOjM-mwWNUOAJ0kr6qHHF2cLLevl9ZtamHI8Uv2fQYA1RyLKzQdVgHB9Pc0ws0wtXkBP2RyIucDDCh9K_h2QTJtnbmiG1HIX4A59VX1XKNa57CoiBijnQ4R9vDscjtazubSlNc-W7qw/s1600/five.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 397px; height: 163px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidAOjM-mwWNUOAJ0kr6qHHF2cLLevl9ZtamHI8Uv2fQYA1RyLKzQdVgHB9Pc0ws0wtXkBP2RyIucDDCh9K_h2QTJtnbmiG1HIX4A59VX1XKNa57CoiBijnQ4R9vDscjtazubSlNc-W7qw/s400/five.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5724422042275966962" border="0" /></a></p><p><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;">Because the subject is being "acted upon" (or is <i>passive</i>), such sentences are said to be in the <b>passive voice</b>.</span></p> <p><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;"><b>NOTE:</b> <i>Colorful parrots live in the rainforests </i>cannot be changed to passive voice because the sentence does not have a direct object.</span></p><p>Passive</p><p>example :<br /><br /><br />- the car is washed by dudi everyday<br /><br />- the stones are being lifted by them<br /><br />- a bag will be bought by me<br /><br />- the car was sold last month<br /><br />- the house has been painted blue by them<br /><br />- the letter had been posted before she came here<br /><br />- the book has been being read for 5 house<br /><br />- a letter for mirna’s brother is written by her every month<br /><br />- the patient is being examined by the doctor at the moment<br /><br />- his luxurious house will be sold by the rich man to pay for his debt<br /><br />Sumber :<br /><br />- Ganeca “Progress”<br /><br />- Google.com<br /><br />- Buku catatan</p><p><br /></p><p><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcGJqKcmi1CBwvMhujS1yYmO1ga4nuwIIEbyVPCvO8UwSRUWyxS1I5kTDF-jD-9VM8IRIoXHI36bpfQ-FU-IQz3MKJtRnLQApE88voPylOTwewopiwv_UEf2glRQ2xWk8Bn47XMO2GtW4/s1600/actif++new.jpg"></a></p><p><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;"><br /></span></p><p><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidAOjM-mwWNUOAJ0kr6qHHF2cLLevl9ZtamHI8Uv2fQYA1RyLKzQdVgHB9Pc0ws0wtXkBP2RyIucDDCh9K_h2QTJtnbmiG1HIX4A59VX1XKNa57CoiBijnQ4R9vDscjtazubSlNc-W7qw/s1600/five.jpg"></a></p><p><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;"><br /></span></p>fauziah cantikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02664414677947736567noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8515943573727299838.post-49117440526382531012012-03-13T00:04:00.030-07:002012-03-13T01:10:45.974-07:00subjects and verbstugas bahasa inggris bisnis 2<br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"><b><span style="font-family:Arial; mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SAfont-family:";" ><a href="http://www.towson.edu/ows/nouns.htm#Subject">Subjects</a></span></b></span><span style=" ;font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;" > and <b><a href="http://www.towson.edu/ows/verbs.htm">verbs</a></b> must AGREE with one another in <b>number</b> (singular or plural). Thus, if a subject is singular, its verb must also be singular; if a subject is plural, its verb must also be plura<br /></span><p><span style="font-family:Arial; mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SAfont-family:";font-size:100%;" >In present tenses, nouns and verbs form plurals in opposite ways: </span></p> <p><span style="font-family:Arial; mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SAfont-family:";font-size:100%;" ><b> <a>nouns</a></b> ADD an <b><i>s</i></b> to the singular form,</span></p> <p align="left"><span style=" font-family: Arial; mso-fareast- mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SAfont-family:Times New Roman;font-size:100%;" ><b> BUT</b></span></p> <p align="left"><span style="font-family: Arial;font-family:";font-size:100%;" > <b> <a href="http://www.towson.edu/ows/verbs.htm">verbs</a></b> REMOVE an <b><i>s</i></b> from the singular form.</span></p><p align="left"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9C1PJtueWeZ9Rp4kyVFuOcS73s5c6VyHjubRGdjpHWCO7UugY7MNJCEpuya3tmnEReYQ1cu0LmQL039WW1LZiACQq5lo4natK0bwWm7D8DQhbZIcN-3yyfmR2V1ujsBJvHM2PQxKvxoU/s1600/1.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 84px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9C1PJtueWeZ9Rp4kyVFuOcS73s5c6VyHjubRGdjpHWCO7UugY7MNJCEpuya3tmnEReYQ1cu0LmQL039WW1LZiACQq5lo4natK0bwWm7D8DQhbZIcN-3yyfmR2V1ujsBJvHM2PQxKvxoU/s400/1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5719276983306170562" border="0" /></a></p><p align="left"><br /></p><p><span style="font-family:Arial; mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SAfont-family:";font-size:100%;" ><a name="rules">Here</a> are nine subject-verb agreement rules.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SAfont-family:";font-size:100%;" ><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><a name="rule1">1.</a> </b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">A <a href="http://www.towson.edu/ows/sentelmt.htm#Phrases"> phrase</a> or <a href="http://www.towson.edu/ows/sentelmt.htm#Clauses"> clause</a> between subject and verb</b></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US; mso-bidi-language:AR-SAfont-family:";font-size:100%;" > does not change the number of the subject.</span></p> <p> <span style="font-size: 12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:100%;" > Examples:</span></p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPvfV9UpPTz_-_znr1k3j-eolu9yEA2k7JyFiEizAme-0TWhoFokCCsLbQHR0XOts5MyBLJEgUeaayNAYOEoHUiAe12i5dVyRfVLQnVCCZgOCqeFl0nMz_5s210cwyuL8URZbd6_DF1ro/s1600/2.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 280px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPvfV9UpPTz_-_znr1k3j-eolu9yEA2k7JyFiEizAme-0TWhoFokCCsLbQHR0XOts5MyBLJEgUeaayNAYOEoHUiAe12i5dVyRfVLQnVCCZgOCqeFl0nMz_5s210cwyuL8URZbd6_DF1ro/s400/2.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5719278547839927730" border="0" /></a></p><p align="left"><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span></p><br /><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SAfont-family:";font-size:10.0pt;" ><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><a name="rule2">2.</a> </b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"> <a href="http://www.towson.edu/ows/pronouns.htm#indefinite%20pronouns">Indefinite pronouns</a> as subjects</b></span></p> <ul><li> <span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi- font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US; mso-bidi-language:AR-SAfont-family:";font-size:10.0pt;" ><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">Singular indefinite pronoun subjects</b> take singular verbs.</span></li></ul> <p><img src="http://www.towson.edu/ows/singirregpron.jpg" border="0" height="55" width="653" /></p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBMUZJh7qr94G7MFjBW2-Q3fbyUxebDVpg-I4G5BuYA7w4GsUkWqLx1YhkmGNMV_U-Mwjv8v-NjUzp-SYpsJdxX7bpDBbzuBnBGdgG8LVTo9sndWYGMtOaCSDfUkbcie83igdPgatzPKY/s1600/3.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 386px; height: 80px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBMUZJh7qr94G7MFjBW2-Q3fbyUxebDVpg-I4G5BuYA7w4GsUkWqLx1YhkmGNMV_U-Mwjv8v-NjUzp-SYpsJdxX7bpDBbzuBnBGdgG8LVTo9sndWYGMtOaCSDfUkbcie83igdPgatzPKY/s400/3.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5719279090510114178" border="0" /></a></p><ul><li> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi- font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi- mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-weight: normalfont-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10.0pt;" ><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SAfont-family:";font-size:10.0pt;" >Plural indefinite pronoun subjects</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US; mso-bidi-language:AR-SAfont-family:";font-size:10.0pt;" > take plural verbs.</span></span></li></ul> <p> <span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;" > <span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;" >PLURAL:<i style=""><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>several, few, both, many</i></span></span></p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBeUaSmR0rjUm5aT1HAWT-ZNn_lUrViUuuIX4Cq5uI6PyuIEUMaoRU6gu1XQuYR-ESdbjK7QIaIf0k_8d38lHTOY5TbVRm9_ocDYv8oDsW37hjnbL51Mm602O94IvzreMlaPeKQd-QA0g/s1600/4.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 360px; height: 82px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBeUaSmR0rjUm5aT1HAWT-ZNn_lUrViUuuIX4Cq5uI6PyuIEUMaoRU6gu1XQuYR-ESdbjK7QIaIf0k_8d38lHTOY5TbVRm9_ocDYv8oDsW37hjnbL51Mm602O94IvzreMlaPeKQd-QA0g/s400/4.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5719279536509239794" border="0" /></a></p><ul><li> <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi- font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi- mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-weight: normalfont-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10.0pt;" ><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi- font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US; mso-bidi-language:AR-SAfont-family:";font-size:10.0pt;" >Some <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">indefinite pronouns </b>may be either<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"> singular or plural</b>: with <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">uncountable</i>, use singular; </span>with <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">countable</i>, use plural.</span></li></ul> <p> <span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;" > <span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;" >EITHER SINGULAR OR PLURAL:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span><i style="">some, any, none, all, most</i></span></span></p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWTBFZyAW3jVfPct0vDYMtB2IN0t3jzuCNREQX8jBgXaNJlByFJDTwEYLamemnIJ1xgwuBg3vWgIbaUhhdfT7cKSk5f_7-plbsemQSQXdvLmVSOo_sNT7euTRksfoUQwqYLNWVEfVH7XY/s1600/5.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 278px; height: 84px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWTBFZyAW3jVfPct0vDYMtB2IN0t3jzuCNREQX8jBgXaNJlByFJDTwEYLamemnIJ1xgwuBg3vWgIbaUhhdfT7cKSk5f_7-plbsemQSQXdvLmVSOo_sNT7euTRksfoUQwqYLNWVEfVH7XY/s400/5.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5719279995464599618" border="0" /></a></p><p><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi- font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi- mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-weight: normalfont-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10.0pt;" ><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi- font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US; mso-bidi-language:AR-SAfont-family:";font-size:10.0pt;" ><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><br /></i></span></span></p><p><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi- font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi- mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-weight: normalfont-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10.0pt;" >Sugar is <i>uncountable</i>; therefore, the sentence has a singular verb.</span></p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLmFCS9YIo1M4n4Oe9qiEaXAjxNmWFYkYis5KgyabpuAznglzZ2GGbyUhEFX4w2xQSJarz1kM6OrTpgzK-_RUP31CjXLtmPkTRDtMLR6AeTv8x4laXEpI4lW4IdTpED-hlC40yPfWUVMc/s1600/8.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 299px; height: 80px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLmFCS9YIo1M4n4Oe9qiEaXAjxNmWFYkYis5KgyabpuAznglzZ2GGbyUhEFX4w2xQSJarz1kM6OrTpgzK-_RUP31CjXLtmPkTRDtMLR6AeTv8x4laXEpI4lW4IdTpED-hlC40yPfWUVMc/s400/8.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5719280447163998258" border="0" /></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi- font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi- mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-weight: normalfont-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10.0pt;" > Marbles are <i>countable</i>; therefore, the sentence has a plural verb.</span></p><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SAfont-family:";font-size:100%;" ><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><a name="rule3">3.</a> </b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"> <a href="http://www.towson.edu/ows/sentences.htm#SIMPLE%20SENTENCE">Compound subjects </a>joined by <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">and</i></b></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;" > are always plural.</span></p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiUHMK2nPeVXmSCMBu2yP7VBWu7sc0DWrGi6cL446UDRXl8OyxG19L16FrZjJTQ3LAiTFsYZpJiRX_trW47PvQjKAL6j_Gru9kgCsEJeogenP68Av5Vqedyv6sA9EYcDWc54rmQMcbgwM/s1600/9.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 347px; height: 85px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiUHMK2nPeVXmSCMBu2yP7VBWu7sc0DWrGi6cL446UDRXl8OyxG19L16FrZjJTQ3LAiTFsYZpJiRX_trW47PvQjKAL6j_Gru9kgCsEJeogenP68Av5Vqedyv6sA9EYcDWc54rmQMcbgwM/s400/9.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5719280854153095346" border="0" /></a></p><p><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;" ><b><a name="rule4">4.</a></b> With <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">compound subjects joined by <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">or/nor</i></b>, the verb agrees with the subject nearer to it.</span></p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHVfMCxSQmRREdf2ehEb429VS1ME9699jl3cnUqZvFu_e918KyhsPE1Nqt7OPebn2P7e1DatCP07mGkyPH0zxt7csTs6Ce2q7vWo7QpLNnETHzvHiGiTyrs0T5TQr8HOV5S9DUdgifvWY/s1600/10.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 67px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHVfMCxSQmRREdf2ehEb429VS1ME9699jl3cnUqZvFu_e918KyhsPE1Nqt7OPebn2P7e1DatCP07mGkyPH0zxt7csTs6Ce2q7vWo7QpLNnETHzvHiGiTyrs0T5TQr8HOV5S9DUdgifvWY/s400/10.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5719281531312158994" border="0" /></a></p><p><span style="font-family:Arial;"> In the above example, the plural verb <i><b>are</b></i> agrees with the nearer subject <i><b>actors</b></i>.</span></p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkqczwRWu2P1gg_a9tE53b9yzXpA3dzmUGbZleO_KyyO72TSU8r8z_A6TF4zvU5lppZUSd5sRYGu3ZTiUpmK-hRVbtCtLVwK07jOLRgPUFBn8t7sfnbE5f3GNOn982Iiiz949Hj0LI0kI/s1600/11.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 66px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkqczwRWu2P1gg_a9tE53b9yzXpA3dzmUGbZleO_KyyO72TSU8r8z_A6TF4zvU5lppZUSd5sRYGu3ZTiUpmK-hRVbtCtLVwK07jOLRgPUFBn8t7sfnbE5f3GNOn982Iiiz949Hj0LI0kI/s400/11.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5719281990062378530" border="0" /></a></p><p><span style="font-family:Arial;"> In this example, the singular verb<i><b> is </b></i>agrees with the nearer subject <b><i>director</i></b></span></p><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SAfont-family:";font-size:10.0pt;" ><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><a name="rule5">5.</a> </b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">Inverted Subjects </b></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SAfont-family:";font-size:10.0pt;" >must agree with the verb.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi- font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi- mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SAfont-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10.0pt;" > </span></p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigUS2l-ISifTJC7WNh2xt7xPQMsuYX_icQIoEfnxhjqeXqMG51RJ0qmeIQewt2aoiq8OIaTWqHI-4K2j-qArlyPvKEULRLy_FMmtHip35TSPcI0mEXQC0xEWunKrXCXXREIYRSkFGLRUA/s1600/12.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 62px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigUS2l-ISifTJC7WNh2xt7xPQMsuYX_icQIoEfnxhjqeXqMG51RJ0qmeIQewt2aoiq8OIaTWqHI-4K2j-qArlyPvKEULRLy_FMmtHip35TSPcI0mEXQC0xEWunKrXCXXREIYRSkFGLRUA/s400/12.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5719282598926078770" border="0" /></a></p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYq8hrnx7BN3riRaPUxUcyWP8L9YiEYgOHtLl5P2zaCjzYRELoR9M4RMkHk8p96EPdwzEvao0tn_8rd7EjcCzIm5gT7noLlxURWdDYAYmtNLbKvA01Tl2anZUwnGH5xdBw2RrtzYUYeu8/s1600/13.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 338px; height: 81px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYq8hrnx7BN3riRaPUxUcyWP8L9YiEYgOHtLl5P2zaCjzYRELoR9M4RMkHk8p96EPdwzEvao0tn_8rd7EjcCzIm5gT7noLlxURWdDYAYmtNLbKvA01Tl2anZUwnGH5xdBw2RrtzYUYeu8/s400/13.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5719282809817816386" border="0" /></a></p><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SAfont-family:";font-size:10.0pt;" ><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><a name="rule6">6.</a> </b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">Collective Nouns</b></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;" ><br /></span></p><p><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="font-size:100%;">(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">group, jury, crowd, team, etc.) </i>may be singular or plural, depending on</span></span></p><p><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;" ><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="font-size:100%;">meaning</span></span></span></p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbGSYZfgmSXEgTX5kUxIjYpjro1MF58OTSylK8yQtPTMOHXA1E6WW3T-CnnObHYgWxpdUAR_yKnShk_z0YdokD8-xa45ww7f95Jt-SqWCJEWC5S09Zct_OZE_1L_kztee7PtqY-wBHEXw/s1600/14.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 396px; height: 81px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbGSYZfgmSXEgTX5kUxIjYpjro1MF58OTSylK8yQtPTMOHXA1E6WW3T-CnnObHYgWxpdUAR_yKnShk_z0YdokD8-xa45ww7f95Jt-SqWCJEWC5S09Zct_OZE_1L_kztee7PtqY-wBHEXw/s400/14.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5719283341468746850" border="0" /></a></p><p><span style="font-size: 12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10.0pt;" >In this example, the jury is acting as one unit; therefore, the verb is singular.</span></p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhocYXM27EPGUOYwsB4PX4dvoBh3opJooL42pxnrtyQO6-wn-WlnT7oDA5vaF8T4wWMe4Mfd70ClRjlH5sB2aKfXvFUgpVfK08AxXPNjk6fB2dQ9LLhuae0O4EBG4bg18jEHC9MqzD6c9g/s1600/15.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 398px; height: 80px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhocYXM27EPGUOYwsB4PX4dvoBh3opJooL42pxnrtyQO6-wn-WlnT7oDA5vaF8T4wWMe4Mfd70ClRjlH5sB2aKfXvFUgpVfK08AxXPNjk6fB2dQ9LLhuae0O4EBG4bg18jEHC9MqzD6c9g/s400/15.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5719283905479358386" border="0" /></a></p><p><span style=" ;font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;" > <span style="font-size:100%;">In this example, the jury members are acting as twelve individuals; therefore, the verb is plural.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SAfont-family:";font-size:100%;" ><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><a name="rule7">7.</a> </b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">Titles of single entities</b></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;" > (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">books, organizations, countries, </i>etc<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">.)</i> are always <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">singular</b>.</span></p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMQPjlXYZXFR6S5GP-0UDuwTA3Be58mpWL00mk66S0mE0mcbSf07NHk8-VLYPVv-dm7DOXQ5HDpbCiubrY39qZV0K-yRtyh1GM6355t0sJSoTqjcMSzg7J-SWQPmnrvYCK-qB-n6hwSqo/s1600/16.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 380px; height: 82px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMQPjlXYZXFR6S5GP-0UDuwTA3Be58mpWL00mk66S0mE0mcbSf07NHk8-VLYPVv-dm7DOXQ5HDpbCiubrY39qZV0K-yRtyh1GM6355t0sJSoTqjcMSzg7J-SWQPmnrvYCK-qB-n6hwSqo/s400/16.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5719284345400304866" border="0" /></a></p><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SAfont-family:";font-size:10.0pt;" ><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><a name="rule8">8.</a> </b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">Plural form subjects</b></span></p> <ul><li><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;" ><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SAfont-family:";" >Plural form subjects with a singular meaning</span></b><span style=";font-family:Arial;" > take a singular verb.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"> </b>(e.g. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">news, measles,</i><i style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SAfont-family:";" >mumps, physics, </span></i><span style=";font-family:Arial;" >etc<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">.</i>)</span></i></span></span></li><li><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOVHiNBSNrBCPIQ3S71JP9oAYDeiCaWs49PeFDahpY7OHNzaBT6qZSH3A8iKWGZ-moIFDokBoEQzJpLDfV7QwZtSliL7yq9ZMvhUfmGjchfCuIDsD4WqYni2ZjUdKedvgd5URQOiMdaHc/s1600/16.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 380px; height: 82px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOVHiNBSNrBCPIQ3S71JP9oAYDeiCaWs49PeFDahpY7OHNzaBT6qZSH3A8iKWGZ-moIFDokBoEQzJpLDfV7QwZtSliL7yq9ZMvhUfmGjchfCuIDsD4WqYni2ZjUdKedvgd5URQOiMdaHc/s400/16.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5719284958712059698" border="0" /></a></li></ul><span style="font-size:100%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SAfont-family:";" >Plural form subjects with singular or plural meaning </span></b><span style=";font-family:Arial;" >take a singular or plural verb, <span style=";font-family:Arial;" >depending on meaning.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></b>(e.g. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">politics, economics, </i>etc.)</span></span></span><p><br /></p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwy2yAoW4r-YiiRxAwsPf7sOFWAyeuE-W1nOXKJWwPPW2GwTDYV3m83a4B97DfbWjb7wxeNg3SQUizKBZokf34UmKM-p1AFLfFx_xGxPa1emMPOBqZE8hgdPMOXfHHNXkkHMleqJ5pIcI/s1600/17.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 261px; height: 77px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwy2yAoW4r-YiiRxAwsPf7sOFWAyeuE-W1nOXKJWwPPW2GwTDYV3m83a4B97DfbWjb7wxeNg3SQUizKBZokf34UmKM-p1AFLfFx_xGxPa1emMPOBqZE8hgdPMOXfHHNXkkHMleqJ5pIcI/s400/17.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5719285346458224482" border="0" /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </span></span><span style=" font-weight: bold;font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;" ><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">In this example, politics is a single topic; therefore, the sentence has a singular verb</span>.</span></a><br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5tN95ebb8XvCevm87FnP7NBOOxkyBESWFXyGfshNLtP6oG1W4eYbAQ2glJFojqyuxHRgzDRlNrLP3BYq0UDbU3gdC7cIUXLkQQui0Kg-ccPNHV0qvFdWz4-rdCwxwpwYryGTwy7iImug/s1600/20.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 363px; height: 78px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5tN95ebb8XvCevm87FnP7NBOOxkyBESWFXyGfshNLtP6oG1W4eYbAQ2glJFojqyuxHRgzDRlNrLP3BYq0UDbU3gdC7cIUXLkQQui0Kg-ccPNHV0qvFdWz4-rdCwxwpwYryGTwy7iImug/s400/20.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5719286125000875522" border="0" /></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi- font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi- mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: normalfont-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10.0pt;" >In this example, politics refers to the many aspects of the situation; therefore, the sentence has a plural verb.</span> <p><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi- font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi- mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: normalfont-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10.0pt;" > </span></p> <ul><li><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;" > <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SAfont-family:";font-size:10.0pt;" >Plural form subjects with a plural meaning</span></b><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;" > take a plural verb.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"> </b>(e.g.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">scissors, trousers</i>)</span></span></li></ul><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4dkOsKQ_p7lAbz2I5ZgGo8azv2upxgOmMnFbCff0qcxSCb5XKum0MwF7pwUfGe9Puk2ItJAXfKtw4fklxs0J0fckkXy83sTfmi3oaOsJ-NCiR3kmq5tnO5YtEF0hshyyPGcLYKyOlWHA/s1600/20.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 363px; height: 78px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4dkOsKQ_p7lAbz2I5ZgGo8azv2upxgOmMnFbCff0qcxSCb5XKum0MwF7pwUfGe9Puk2ItJAXfKtw4fklxs0J0fckkXy83sTfmi3oaOsJ-NCiR3kmq5tnO5YtEF0hshyyPGcLYKyOlWHA/s400/20.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5719287913559356338" border="0" /></a></p><p><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi- font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi- mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: normalfont-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10.0pt;" > In this example, politics refers to the many aspects of the situation; therefore, the sentence has a plural verb.</span> </p><p><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi- font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi- mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: normalfont-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10.0pt;" > </span></p> <ul><li><span style=" ;font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;" > <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SAfont-family:";font-size:10.0pt;" >Plural form subjects with a plural meaning</span></b><span style=" ;font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;" > <span style="font-size:100%;">take a plural verb.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"> </b>(e.g.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;font-size:100%;" > </span><span style="font-size:100%;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">scissors, trousers</i>)</span></span></span></li></ul><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6mmv_N6GZNq5TRWub28N5Uqo5Nl26CRVsJUqMLbtlMM7wawaqTk7Y0pofD951ArqRe5n5LQBBpd_LlMuw_HC-C-h97JDLKobfEHXPK0ntSePTJ_yqdTR10d8pP-zMmlOaXCjnihOBNVg/s1600/22.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 284px; height: 80px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6mmv_N6GZNq5TRWub28N5Uqo5Nl26CRVsJUqMLbtlMM7wawaqTk7Y0pofD951ArqRe5n5LQBBpd_LlMuw_HC-C-h97JDLKobfEHXPK0ntSePTJ_yqdTR10d8pP-zMmlOaXCjnihOBNVg/s400/22.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5719286863737413922" border="0" /></a></p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhW51T0iCsNA6E8OANSOPXeDXwOGN7fINVxeHs-GGiEvr5qo3Nyao5Vu89Ox2srgK-xANhAQjHpa5YYPnW6pub7PFZRZ1L-I7bpAM_UynBG6bAWok-BNEJT45-xpw7SeYGrynEh5ZxZvbM/s1600/21.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 249px; height: 76px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhW51T0iCsNA6E8OANSOPXeDXwOGN7fINVxeHs-GGiEvr5qo3Nyao5Vu89Ox2srgK-xANhAQjHpa5YYPnW6pub7PFZRZ1L-I7bpAM_UynBG6bAWok-BNEJT45-xpw7SeYGrynEh5ZxZvbM/s400/21.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5719288362026090530" border="0" /></a></p><p><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi- font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi- mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: normalfont-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10.0pt;" > <b>Note: </b> In this example, the subject of the sentence is <i>pair</i>; therefore, the verb must agree with it. (Because <i>scissors</i> is the object of the <a href="http://www.towson.edu/ows/prepositions.htm">preposition</a>, <i>scissors </i><a href="http://www.towson.edu/ows/sub-verb.htm#rule1">does not affect</a> the number of the verb.)</span> </p><p><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi- font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi- mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: normalfont-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10.0pt;" > </span></p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SAfont-family:";font-size:10.0pt;" ><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><a name="rule9">9.</a> </b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">With subject and subjective complement of different number</b></span><span style=" ;font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;" >,<span style="font-size:100%;"> the verb always agrees with the <u><span style=" ;font-family:Arial;" >subjec</span></u></span></span></p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisFcP6l3YwXodIJZeMCpuCld9BQeSl4EsOuphD65O0gKXA01Qkbn9zmT2Alm283HwKsJLgwZ6HB8XIAozG1KIeGuqNzO5cPqrGhkrvBIk9AAAZyGjJJ_OVEQ8u_7ynkJujWUg0NPZ1-F0/s1600/23.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 337px; height: 78px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisFcP6l3YwXodIJZeMCpuCld9BQeSl4EsOuphD65O0gKXA01Qkbn9zmT2Alm283HwKsJLgwZ6HB8XIAozG1KIeGuqNzO5cPqrGhkrvBIk9AAAZyGjJJ_OVEQ8u_7ynkJujWUg0NPZ1-F0/s400/23.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5719287520585988994" border="0" /></a></p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigngkY-Q6CSteIwzwXyUYRVzDC68tYSxA-C9zjQKirkqEh8DYzKiThXdaNR-20w7BVlkH6PWF6xlUEkwBueCvRZdA9Z4cHhBmqQK44wXomN8mN5Ve0_NoWjD3keeFc9fZ6F-oaf2R2LF8/s1600/26.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 357px; height: 79px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigngkY-Q6CSteIwzwXyUYRVzDC68tYSxA-C9zjQKirkqEh8DYzKiThXdaNR-20w7BVlkH6PWF6xlUEkwBueCvRZdA9Z4cHhBmqQK44wXomN8mN5Ve0_NoWjD3keeFc9fZ6F-oaf2R2LF8/s400/26.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5719289361146148130" border="0" /></a><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisFcP6l3YwXodIJZeMCpuCld9BQeSl4EsOuphD65O0gKXA01Qkbn9zmT2Alm283HwKsJLgwZ6HB8XIAozG1KIeGuqNzO5cPqrGhkrvBIk9AAAZyGjJJ_OVEQ8u_7ynkJujWUg0NPZ1-F0/s1600/23.jpg"></a></p><p><strong>10-A</strong>. <strong>With <em><span class="style2"> <span class="style3">one of</span> those ________ who</span></em></strong>, use a plural verb</p><p><br /></p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9vocV1HALFG0V_H0hkbgawx-lQ_4q5MkBANPk6bNTKPHtbK5eQlZapUbbkvZ6ZFMQ9T-bFtnGsBmKLv-mAelkdqMZYpOW7sSpd_qlzfnOhhUeM3jPAsPD5RmDKUWNtA7q-ctaenV5S2o/s1600/27.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 94px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9vocV1HALFG0V_H0hkbgawx-lQ_4q5MkBANPk6bNTKPHtbK5eQlZapUbbkvZ6ZFMQ9T-bFtnGsBmKLv-mAelkdqMZYpOW7sSpd_qlzfnOhhUeM3jPAsPD5RmDKUWNtA7q-ctaenV5S2o/s400/27.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5719289886745211554" border="0" /></a></p><p>The above example implies that others besides Hannah like to read comic books. Therefore, the plural verb is the correct form to use. </p><p class="style1"> </p> <p class="style1"><strong>10-B.</strong> <strong>With</strong> <strong> <em><span class="style2"><span class="style3">the only one </span>of those ________who,</span></em></strong> use a singular verb.</p><p class="style1"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiV626v4COo6as9QUaLmaLEZ1pozbGUx5_N709cBvI7jQmWFaQtZlNU5ebkydZnmbcARnH4bOQhK5h1o0o9ridqsx8Vst0BhzfOqNlPbSYWFTWwaY9l7GxYZuhmLFvvG9fGrR4q3xQgLF4/s1600/29.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 88px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiV626v4COo6as9QUaLmaLEZ1pozbGUx5_N709cBvI7jQmWFaQtZlNU5ebkydZnmbcARnH4bOQhK5h1o0o9ridqsx8Vst0BhzfOqNlPbSYWFTWwaY9l7GxYZuhmLFvvG9fGrR4q3xQgLF4/s400/29.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5719290445880053506" border="0" /></a></p><p class="style1"><br /></p><p class="style1"> The above example implies that no one else except for Hannah likes to read comic books. Therefore, the singular verb is the correct for to use.<br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiV626v4COo6as9QUaLmaLEZ1pozbGUx5_N709cBvI7jQmWFaQtZlNU5ebkydZnmbcARnH4bOQhK5h1o0o9ridqsx8Vst0BhzfOqNlPbSYWFTWwaY9l7GxYZuhmLFvvG9fGrR4q3xQgLF4/s1600/29.jpg"></a></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SAfont-family:";font-size:100%;" ><br /></span></p><p><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBMUZJh7qr94G7MFjBW2-Q3fbyUxebDVpg-I4G5BuYA7w4GsUkWqLx1YhkmGNMV_U-Mwjv8v-NjUzp-SYpsJdxX7bpDBbzuBnBGdgG8LVTo9sndWYGMtOaCSDfUkbcie83igdPgatzPKY/s1600/3.jpg"></a></p>fauziah cantikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02664414677947736567noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8515943573727299838.post-16217610922199378532011-12-26T00:48:00.000-08:002011-12-26T00:49:30.422-08:00Tulisan bahasa inggris wanita yang memiliki sudut padang yang berbeda pada jaman sekarangwanita yang memiliki sudut padang yang berbeda pada jaman sekarang<br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />banyak Muslimah yang taat menerapkan ajaran Islam dalam kehidupan keseharian mereka, terjun ke dunia dakwah. Para Muslimah ini juga begitu bersemangat untuk tetap memelihara dan mengikuti Sunnah Rasulullah, terutama yang berkaitan dengan kehidupan mereka sebagai perempuan.Islam memberi garis batas tegas soal gender. Misalnya, menunaikan salat di masjid lebih disarankan bagi kaum lelaki Muslim dan bukan bagi kaum perempuan. Para Muslimah oleh sebab itu, harus mencontoh kehidupan para perempuan dalam lingkungan Rasulullah Saw, yang mematuhi dan mempraktekkan agama Islam berdasarkan bimbingannya, untuk mendapatkan tuntunan dalam menerapkan Sunnah Rasulullah Saw dalam konteks kehidupan di masa kini.<br />Para perempuan mulia di lingkungan Rasulullah Saw yang paling utama dijadikan panutan adalah para isteri dan anak-anak perempuan Rasulullah Saw. Beberapa diantara mereka memiliki keahlian yang mumpuni dalam masalah hukum Islam.tantangan terbesar bagi kaum perempuan dalam level global ketika mereka memilih untuk menerapkan Sunnah Rasulullah sebagai cara hidup mereka adalah, asumsi yang menyebutkan bahwa kaum lelaki dan Islam telah menindas kaum perempuan dan memaksa para perempuan untuk berpakaian serba sederhana serta asumsi bahwa perempuan seharusnya lebih fokus pada pekerjaan rumah tangga dan keluarga mereka, bukan pada karir atau pekerjaan di luar rumah.anyak Muslimah yang mematuhi Sunnah Rasulullah dan berkeinginan untuk menerapkan cara-cara hidup yang Islami. Tetapi, kesalahpahaman tentang kaum perempuan dalam Islam, yang dilakukan oleh media dan kelompok-kelompok yang berbasis gender membuat kesalahpahaman dan stereotipe yang tidak benar terpelihara.<br /><br />di zaman sekarang serba moderen ini banyak para wanita muslimah Di era globalisasi sekarang ini, orang tidak lagi berpikir seperti waktu lampau. Pemikiran nasional yang sast inilah yang menjadi pedoman hidup orang-orang modern dan bukan primitif. Begitu juga peranan wanita yang posisinya begitu penting dalam pembangunan, dimana hal itu sagat berbeda dengan wanita pada jaman penjajahan. Mereka hanya terkekang sebatas sebagai ibu rumah tangga saja.Tetapi, sekarang mereka justru memiliki kedudukan dan pengaruh yang besar di berbagai bidang kehidupan. Bahkan, ada pula dari mereka yang memiliki profesi sebagai kepala pemerintahan. Peranan mereka terus mengalami perkembangan seiring dengan kemajuan jaman. Wanita jaman modern lebih memiliki kecenderungan untuk selangkah lebih maju daripada hari-hari sebelumnya. Itulah perbedaan kehidupan masa lampau dengan masa kini,<br /> dimana saat itu kebebasan untuk ikut serta dalam pembangunan lebih terbuka (demokrasi).<br /><br />sumber : http://www.eramuslim.com/akhwat/muslimah<br /><br /></div>fauziah cantikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02664414677947736567noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8515943573727299838.post-69834182811338183822011-12-26T00:43:00.000-08:002011-12-26T00:45:43.647-08:00Tulisan bahasa inggris wanita karir<div style="text-align: justify;">wanita karir<br /><br />Pemandangan yang kita lihat pada pagi hari, para wanita dengan pakaian rapi pergi menenteng tas untuk menuju ke tempat kerja mereka masing-masing, sudah tidak asing lagi di segenap penjuru negri ini. “Wanita karier” itulah istilah yang mereka sandang. Kayaknya hal ini adalah sesuatu yang sangat lazim dan wajar sehingga tidak perlu dibahas dan dipermasalahkan, namun betapa banyak sebuah kewajaran ini hanya jalaran songko kulino (jawa: karena itulah kebiasaan yang ada). Padahal banyak sesuatu yang dianggap biasa oleh masyarakat sebenarnya adalah sesuatu yang jelas-jelas diharamkan. Ambil misal membuka rambut bagi wanita di luar rumah di sebagian daerah adalah sesuatu yang sangat wajar. Karier dalam arti umum ialah pekerjaan yang memberikan harapan untuk maju. Apakah ia menerimagaji atau penghargaan lain, guna dinikmati oleh dirinya sendiri, keluargadan masyarakat asalkan pekerjaan tersebut mendatangkan kemajuan.Seorang wanita karier berarti memiliki pekerjaan khusus di luar rumahdalam rangka mengaktualisasikan diri dan menekuni suatu bidang tertentu.Hanya yang kurang tepat , semua wanita yang bekerja di kantor,lebih-lebih sebagai pegawai negeri yang cenderung disebut wanita karier.Padahal sebetulnya tidak begitu, bekerja apa saja asal mendatangkankemajuan dalam kehidupannya itulah karier. Pekerjaan itu ada yangdiciptakan sendiri (wiraswasta), dan ada yang sudah tersedia di kantorswasta maupun kantor pemerintah. Wanita tersebut bisa berprofesi sebagaipengusaha, tenaga pendidik (guru, dosen) maupun pegawai negeri /swasta.Keuntungan yang dinikmati wanita karier yang berkembangmemang layak diberikan sebagai imbalan atas pengorbanannya. Padaumumnya keuntungan yang didapat<br /><br />Mengapa wanita karir berbisnis ?<br /><br />Sahabat wanita karir yang saya hormati. Ada beberapa alasan mengapa seorang wanita karir harus berbisnis. Alasan tersebut antara lain :<br /><br />Ingin menambah penghasilan bagi keluarganya. Karena boleh jadi, gaji yang diterima oleh seorang wanita karir belum bisa mencukupi kebutuhan keluarga.<br /><br />Ingin memiliki bisnis sampingan. banyak wanita karir yang merasa jenuh dengan urusan kantornya. Sehingga ia membutuhkan kegiatan sampingan<br /><br />Ingin meninggalkan pekerjaannya. banyak diantara wanita karir yang merasa kurang puas di tempat kerjanya. Sehingga ia berkeinginan untuk keluar dari pekerjaannya. Namun, sebelum ia benar-benar keluar dari pekerjaan, ia mulai merintis bisnis sendiri<br /><br />Ingin menginvestasikan uangnya agar bisa berkembang. berbisnis adalah salah satu bentuk investasi terbaik. Karena itulah, tidak sedikit wanita karir yang memulai bisnisnya sendiri dengan pertimbangan hal ini.<br /><br /><br />Apa saja bisnis yang cocok untuk wanita karir ?<br />berikut ini beberapa jenis bisnis yang cocok untuk seorang wanita karir :<br />1. Bisnis internet.<br /><br />Bisnis internet adalah bisnis dengan menggunakan internet sebagai media. Bisnis internet adalah bisnis yang cocok untuk wanita karir. Bisnis internet adalah bisnis dengan waktu fleksibel, tidak menguras tenaga, mudah dijalankan, bisa dijalankan dari dan di mana saja, dan masih banyak keunggulan lainnya.<br /><br />Jika Anda ingin menekuni bisnis internet, silahkan kunjungi beberapa situs berikut ini : www.pengusahawanita.com, www.carabisnis.com , www.timbisnis.com, www.pengusahainternet.com , www.majalahwanita.com atau situs-situs lainnya.<br /><br /><br />2. Bisnis pendidikan<br /><br />Bisnis pendidikan juga merupakan bisnis yang cocok bagi wanita karir. Seorang wanita memiliki karakter sebagai seorang pendidik. Inilah yang menjadi alasan bagi wanita karir untuk bisa sukses di bidnis ini. Ada banyak bisnis pendidikan yang bisa Anda bangun, antara lain : usaha bimbingan belajar, sekolah formal, klub kreatifitas, dll.<br /><br />3. Bisnis MLM<br /><br />Mungkin Anda telah apripori dengan MLM. Namun, tidak dapat dipungkiri bahwa bisnis MLM telah terbukti bisa menyukseskan banyak orang. Dan bisnis ini juga tidak menyita waktu, bisa dilakukan kapan saja dan dimana saja. Sehingga bisnis MLM juga termasuk bisnis yang cocok untuk wanita karir<br /><br />Masih ada banyak bisnis lainnya yang cocok untuk seorang wanita karir. Silahkan kunjungi www.pengusahawanita.com dan www.bisniswanita.com . Di situs bisnis wanita tersebut, Anda akan menemukan aneka bisnis yang cocok untuk wanita karir.<br /><br /><br />Sumber: http://id.shvoong.com/social-sciences/sociology/2206415-pengertian-wanita-karier/#ixzz1f6Zb9nxs/ http://www.artikel.pengusahawanita.com/ Situs yang bisa Anda jadikan referensi untuk memulai dan mengelola bisnis pendidikan antara lain : www.rabbanischool.com, www.bisniswanita.com, www.anakjenius.com dan www.bayicerdas.com .<br /><br /></div>fauziah cantikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02664414677947736567noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8515943573727299838.post-87634072387950171892011-12-26T00:41:00.000-08:002011-12-26T00:43:17.710-08:00Tulisan bahasa inggris waktu adalah pedang<div style="text-align: justify;">waktu adalah pedang<br /><br /><br />Waktu Yang Telah Berlalu Tak Mungkin Kembali Lagi Penyesalan terhadap waktu yang telah berlalu adalah penyesalan yang tinggal penyesalan. Ingatlah, waktu yang sudah berlalu tidak mungkin akan kembali lagi. Oleh karena itu, hendaknya kita sadar bahwa waktu merupakan sesuatu yang sangat berharga bagi seorang hamba. Sungguh disayangkan jika waktu belalu begitu saja tanpa digunakan untuk melakukan ketaatan dan beribadah kepada Allah Ta’ala yang telah banyak memberikan nikmat kepada kita. Maka ingatlah suatu pepatah yang sangat menarik yaitu ‘waktu adalah laksana pedang’. Anda tentu pernah mendengar istilah "time is money" atau waktu adalah uang. Istilah ini sangat popular khususnya di dunia barat yang pada umumnya sangat mengagungkan keberhasilan professional dan kekayaan materi duniawi. Namun bagi para ahli kebijaksanaan hidup, mereka mengibaratkan waktu adalah pedang. Waktu ibarat pedang yang akan siap menebas siapa saja yang tidak dapat memanfaatkannya dalam kebaikan dan kemuliaan.<br /> Apapun itu istilahnya, waktu adalah sesuatu yang sangat berharga yang telah dianugerahkan Tuhan kepada kita. Waktu ini memiliki keunikan selalu bergerak maju dan tidak pernah mundur sedetikpun. Waktu juga tidak bisa diulang dan akan selalu meninggalkan setiap orang yang melalaikannya. Waktu bisa membawa seseorang pada kesuksesan, namun juga dapat menjerumuskan pada kegagalan.<br />Demi masa. Sesungguhnya manusia itu benar-benar dalam kerugian. Kecuali orang-orang yang beriman dan mengerjakan amal saleh dan naseha-menasehati supaya menaati kebenaran dan nasehat-menasehati supaya menetapi kesabaran (QS. Al 'Asr:1-3)<br /><br />Ada beberapa hal yang perlu kita ketahui tentang waktu :<br /><br /> Waktu tak dapat diperlambat, dipersingkat, dipercepat bahkan dihentikan. Waktu hanya kekuasaan Allah yang dapat merubahnya. Ia akan senantiasa berjalan tak ada yang dapat menghentikannya.<br /> <br />Waktu bukan sebuah fungsi asimtot yang bergerak dari keadaan takhingga menuju tak hingga. Tapi waktu memiliki awal dan akhir. Setiap orang akan memiliki akhir waktu yang berbeda, bergantung dari jatah yang diberikan oleh Allah SWT. Yang saya maksud disini adalah waktu keberadaan manusia di dunia, mohon dibedakan dengan waktu nanti di akhirat. ^^.<br /> <br />Waktu yang telah berlalu tak akan pernah kembali. Sampai payah pun anda mencoba, waktu yang telah dilewati tak akan pernah kembali. Percayalah, bahwa detik ini tak kan pernah terualngi. Karena detik selanjutnya akan memiliki jam yang berbeda, hari berbeda, bulan yang berbeda bahkan tahun yang berbeda. Setiap detiknya waktu adalah unik, tak ada yang sama. Saya pernah mendengar perumpaan waktu yang dianalogikan sebagai fungsi spiral. Spiral tampak bergerak berputar seolah-olah kembali ke posisi semula padahal kenyataanya ia terus bergerak menjauh.<br /><br />Sikap seorang Muslim terhadap waktu dapat diibaratkan dengan sikap seorang ksatria terhadap pedang andalannya. Semakin sering berlatih dan bertempur, maka ia akan semakin berpengalaman dan semakin berkualitas permainannya, akhirnya semakin sulit dikalahkan. Namun demikian menjadi ksatria andalan tidak menjadikannya terlena, lengah, sombong, dan mengurangi latihan. Justru sebaliknya, ia makin meningkatkan kewaspadaan dan tekun berlatih di waktu senggang agar selalu tangguh.Ia tidak segan-segan mengevaluasi dirinya agar kualitas permainannya terus teruji. Seorang ksatria yang berilmu padi justru mempergunakan kepiawaiannya sesuai dengan porsi yang dibutuhkan, mengikuti aturan yang digariskan-Nya untuk membela Diennullah. Itu semua ia lakukan karena sangat paham bahwa kepandaiannya akan dimintai pertanggung-jawaban oleh Yang Maha Kuasa di akhirat kelak.<br /><br />Sabda Rasulullah saw. yang diriwayatkan Mu'adz bin Jabal, "Tidak akan tergelincir (binasa) kedua kaki seorang hamba di hari kiamat, hingga ditanyakan kepadanya 4 perkara, usianya untuk apa ia habiskan, masa mudanya bagaimana ia pergunakan, hartanya dari mana ia dapatkan dan pada siapa ia keluarkan, ilmunya dan apa-apa yang ia perbuat dengannya." (HR. Bazzar dan Thabrani).<br />Demikianlah, seorang muslim harus menyatukan sang waktu ke dalam jiwanya yang beriman sebagaimana pedang Khalid bin Walid yang berpadu dengan kemahirannya. Bukankah motto hidup seorang muslim seharusnya adalah "Hayatuna kulluha 'ibadah." (Hidup seluruhnya untuk ibadah).<br /><br /><br />sumber : http://www.oaseqalbu.net/http://saefulakhyar.wordpress.com<br /><br /></div>fauziah cantikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02664414677947736567noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8515943573727299838.post-39745035332012967422011-12-26T00:21:00.000-08:002011-12-26T00:23:02.310-08:00Tulisan bahasa inggris Virus pada komputer<div style="text-align: justify;">Virus pada komputer<br />Virus komputer merupakan program komputer yang dapat menggandakan atau menyalin dirinya sendiri [1] dan menyebar dengan cara menyisipkan salinan dirinya ke dalam program atau dokumen lain. Virus komputer dapat dianalogikan dengan virus biologis yang menyebar dengan cara menyisipkan dirinya sendiri ke sel makhluk hidup. Virus komputer dapat merusak (misalnya dengan merusak data pada dokumen), membuat pengguna komputer merasa terganggu, maupun tidak menimbulkan efek sama sekali.<br /><br />Cara kerja<br />Virus komputer umumnya dapat merusak perangkat lunak komputer dan tidak dapat secara langsung merusak perangkat keras komputer tetapi dapat mengakibatkan kerusakan dengan cara memuat program yang memaksa over process ke perangkat tertentu. Efek negatif virus komputer adalah memperbanyak dirinya sendiri, yang membuat sumber daya pada komputer (seperti penggunaan memori) menjadi berkurang secara signifikan. Hampir 95% virus komputer berbasis sistem operasi Windows. Sisanya menyerang Linux/GNU, Mac, FreeBSD, OS/2 IBM, dan Sun Operating System. Virus yang ganas akan merusak perangkat keras.<br /><br />Jenis<br /> Worm - Menduplikatkan dirinya sendiri pada harddisk. Ini membuat sumber daya komputer (Harddisk) menjadi penuh akan worm itu.<br /> Trojan - Mengambil data pada komputer yang telah terinfeksi dan mengirimkannya pada pembuat trojan itu sendiri.<br /> Backdoor - Hampir sama dengan trojan. Namun, Backdoor bisanya menyerupai file yang baik-baik saja. Misalnya game.<br /> Spyware - Virus yang memantau komputer yang terinfeksi.<br /> Rogue - merupakan program yang meniru program antivirus dan menampilkan aktivitas layaknya antivirus normal, dan memberikan peringatan-peringatan palsu tentang adanya virus. Tujuannya adalah agar pengguna membeli dan mengaktivasi program antivirus palsu itu dan mendatangkan uang bagi pembuat virus rogue tersebut. Juga rogue dapat membuka celah keamanan dalam komputer guna mendatangkan virus lain.<br /> Rootkit - Virus yang bekerja menyerupai kerja sistem komputer yang biasa saja.<br /> Polymorphic virus - Virus yang gemar beubah-ubah agar tidak dapat terdeteksi.<br /> Metamorphic virus - Virus yang mengubah pengkodeannya sendiri agar lebih sulit dideteksi.<br /> Virus ponsel - Virus yang berjalan di telepon seluler, dan dapat menimbulkan berbagai macam efek, mulai dari merusak telepon seluler, mencuri data-data di dalam telepon seluler, sampai membuat panggilan-panggilan diam-diam dan menghabiskan pulsa pengguna telepon<br />seluler.<br /><br />Gejala virus komputer<br />Jika Anda mencurigai atau tahu bahwa komputer Anda terifeksi virus komputer, dapatkan perangkat lunak antivirus terbaru. Berikut ini adalah beberapa indikator utama di mana komputer mungkin terinfeksi:<br /><br /> Komputer berjalan lebih lambat dari biasanya.<br /> Komputer berhenti merespons, atau seringkali terkunci.<br /> Komputer macet, kemudian memulai ulang setiap beberapa menit.<br /> Komputer memulai ulang dengan sendirinya. Selain itu, komputer berjalan tidak seperti biasanya.<br /> Aplikasi di dalam komputer tidak bekerja dengan benar.<br /> Cakram atau kandar cakram tidak dapat diakses.<br /> Anda tidak dapat mencetak item dengan benar.<br /> Anda melihat pesan galat yang tidak biasa.<br /> Anda melihat menu dan kotak dialog yang berubah bentuk.<br /> Terdapat ekstensi ganda di lampiran yang baru Anda buka, seperti ekstensi .jpg, .vbs, .gif, atau .exe.<br /> Program antivirus dinonaktifkan tanpa alasan. Selain itu, program antivirus tidak bisa dimulai ulang.<br /> Program antivirus tidak dapat diinstal di komputer, atau program antivirus tidak berjalan.<br /> Ikon-ikon baru bukan milik Anda bermunculan di desktop, atau ikon tersebut tidak berhubungan dengan program yang diinstal baru-baru ini.<br /> Suara atau musik aneh muncul dari speaker secara tiba-tiba.<br /> Program hilang dari komputer walaupun Anda tidak sengaja menghapus program<br /><br />Cara menghapus virus komputer<br />Bahkan untuk seorang ahli, menghapus virus komputer bisa menjadi tugas yang sulit tanpa bantuan alat penghapus virus komputer. Beberapa virus komputer dan perangkat lunak yang tidak diinginkan lainnya, seperti spyware, bahkan menginstal kembali dengan sendiri setelah virus dideteksi dan dihapus. Untungnya, dengan memperbarui komputer dan dengan menggunakan alat antivirus, Anda bisa secara tetap menghapus perangkat lunak yang tidak diinginkan.<br /><br />Untuk menghapus virus komputer, ikutilah langkah-langkah berikut:<br /><br /> Instal Pembaruan Microsoft versi terbaru ke komputer.<br /> Perbarui perangkat lunak antivirus di komputer. Kemudian, jalankan pemindaian komputer yang teliti menggunakan perangkat lunak antivirus.<br /> Unduh, instal kemudian jalankan Alat Penghapus Perangkat Lunak Berbahaya dari Microsoft untuk menghapus virus yang ada di dalam komputer. Untuk mengunduh Alat Penghapus Perangkat Lunak Berbahaya, kunjungi Website Microsoft berikut ini:<br /><br /><br />sumber : http://www.microsoft.com/security/malwareremove/default.mspx<br /> wikepedia<br /><br /><br /></div>fauziah cantikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02664414677947736567noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8515943573727299838.post-44922326179564837942011-12-26T00:19:00.000-08:002011-12-26T00:20:47.598-08:00Tulisan bahasa inggris apa itu uang<div style="text-align: justify;">apa itu uang<br /><br />Uang dalam ilmu ekonomi tradisional didefinisikan sebagai setiap alat tukar yang dapat diterima secara umum. Alat tukar itu dapat berupa benda apapun yang dapat diterima oleh setiap orang di masyarakat dalam proses pertukaran barang dan jasa. Dalam ilmu ekonomi modern, uang didefinisikan sebagai sesuatu yang tersedia dan secara umum diterima sebagai alat pembayaran bagi pembelian barang-barang dan jasa-jasa serta kekayaan berharga lainnya serta untuk pembayaran hutang.Beberapa ahli juga menyebutkan fungsi uang sebagai alat penunda pembayaran. Keberadaan uang menyediakan alternatif transaksi yang lebih mudah daripada barter yang lebih kompleks, tidak efisien, dan kurang cocok digunakan dalam sistem ekonomi modern karena membutuhkan orang yang memiliki keinginan yang sama untuk melakukan pertukaran dan juga kesulitan dalam penentuan nilai. Efisiensi yang didapatkan dengan menggunakan uang pada akhirnya akan mendorong perdagangan dan pembagian tenaga kerja yang kemudian akan meningkatkan produktifitas dan kemakmuran.Pada awalnya di Indonesia, uang —dalam hal ini uang kartal— diterbitkan oleh pemerintah Republik Indonesia. Namun sejak dikeluarkannya UU No. 13 tahun 1968 pasal 26 ayat 1, hak pemerintah untuk mencetak uang dicabut. Pemerintah kemudian menetapkan Bank Sentral, Bank Indonesia, sebagai satu-satunya lembaga yang berhak menciptakan uang kartal. Hak untuk menciptakan uang itu disebut dengan hak oktroi.<br /><br />Uang harus berfungsi sebagai alat pembayaran. Tanpa uang, kita akan melakukan barter dan transaksi akan menjadi sangat sulit. Barter tidak akan menjadi masalah jika kebetulan ada dua keinginan yang, yaitu anda memiliki yang saya inginkan dan saya mempunyai apa yang anda inginkan. Tetapi jika kita tidak, transaksi akan menjadi sangat rumit.<br />Fungsi kedua uang adalah sebuah unit pengukuran yakni uang memberikan kita ukuran yang umum yang nilainya diungkapkan. Sebagai contoh, jika uang itu tidak ada dan anda ingin belajar ilmu ekonomi di sebuah kampus. Terdapat banyak pengajar yang bekerja di kampus itu. Pengajar A ingin dibayar dengan seekor kambing, pengajar B mau mengajari anda jika ia dibayar dengan sepasang sepatu, pengajar C ingin dibayar dengan sebuah BB Pearl dan begitu seterusnya. Maka akan sangat sulit bagi anda untuk menentukan pengajar mana yang mempunyai harga yang terbaik. Tetapi jika setiap pengajar membebankan harga dengan benda/item yang sama, yakni mereka mau menerima uang, maka akan menjadi sangat jelas menentukan pengajar yang memberikan harga paling rendah.<br /><br />ketiga Fungsi ketiga yang perlu ada pada uang adalah uang sebagai penimbun nilai yaitu uang dapat dijaga nilainya sepanjang waktu. Bisa ditabung, dipinjamkan dan juga meminjamkan.<br /><br />kempat Alat Penyimpan Nilai<br />Uang juga berfungsi sebagai alat penyimpan nilai’ (store of value); uang mewakili data beli sepanjang waktu. Alat penyimpan nilai digunakan untuk menyimpan daya beli dari saat pendapatan diterima sampai waktunya nanti dibelanjakan. Fungsi uang ini sangat berguna karena sebagian besar dari kita tidak ingin menghabiskan pendapatan kita secepatnya dari saat kita menerimanya, tetapi lebih suka menundanya sampai kita membutuhkannya atau saat kita ingin berbelanja.Uang bukanlah alat penyimpan nilai yang unik; aset lainnya—uang, saham, obligasi, tanah, rumah, karya seni, perhiasan—dapat digunakan sebagai alat penyimpan nilai. Beberapa dari aset-aset tersebut mempunyai kelebihan dibandingkan uang sebagai alat penyimpan nilai: Aset-aset tersebut memberikan suku bunga yang lebih tinggi daripada uang, peningkatan harga, dan pelayanan pengiriman seperti “memberikan sebuah atap di atas kepala seseorang”. Kalau aset-aset tersebut merupakan alat penyimpan nilai yang lebih menarik daripada uang, mengapa pada akhirnya orang-orang memegang uang juga<br /><br />kelima Fungsi kedua dari uang adalah menjadi alat hitung (unit of account); sedemikian rupa sehingga uang dapat digunakan untuk menghitung nilai dalam perekonomian. Kita menghitung nilai dari barang dan jasa dalam satuan uang, seperti kita mengukur berat dalam satuan kilogram, jarak dalam satuan kilometer. Untuk melihat mengapa fungsi ini penting, mari kita lihat sekali lagi perekonomian barter di mana uang tidak mewakili fungsi tersebut. Kalau perekonomian hanya mempunyai tiga barang—misalnya buah persik, perkuliahan ekonomi, dan nonton bioskop—kemudian kita perlu mengetahui hanya tiga harga untuk bisa melakukan pertukaran di antara ketiga barang tersebut; yaitu harga dari buah persik dihitung dalam perkuliahan ekonomi (berapa banyak perkuliahan ekonomi yang harus dibayar untuk satu buah persik), harga buah persik yang dihitung dalam buah persik, dan harga dari perkuliahan ekonomi yang dihitung dalam nonton biskop. Kalau ada 10 barang, kita perlu tahu 45 kombinasi harga-harga untuk melakukan pertukaran satu barang dengan barang yang lain; dengan 100 barang, kita perlu tahu 4.950 kombinasi harga-harga; dan dengan 1.000 barang ada 499.500 kombinasi harga<br /><br />sumber : wikepedia/http://artikelterbaru.com/http://waladaltsani.edublogs.org</div>fauziah cantikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02664414677947736567noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8515943573727299838.post-60472580931740978092011-12-26T00:15:00.000-08:002011-12-26T00:18:54.302-08:00Tulisan bahasa inggris tips merawat laptop<div style="text-align: justify;">tips merawat laptop<br /><br />Laptop dan notebook adalah barang elektronik yang perlu untuk kita rawat. Tentunya kita ingin agar barang kita tersebut tampak selalu bersih dan kinclong khan? Kali ini aku mau membagi tips bagaimana sih cara membersihkan laptop ataupun notebook secara benar, aman dan praktis agar tidak malah menimbulkan bekas pada kedua barang tersebut Laptop barang elektronik yang sangat sensitif bila tidak di jaga secara baik dan tidak melakukan perawatan dengan benar maka Laptop anda akan sering masuk ke tempat service Laptop.Komponen Laptop juga sangat Mahal di bandingkan dengan Komponen PC.Untuk menghindari merogoh uang saku anda sebaiknya anda melakukan Tips Penting Cara merawat Laptop di bawah ini<br /><br />1. jangan sembarangan mendownload software gratis dari internet.<br />Terlebih lagi misalnya software yang seolah-olah sebagai suatu antivirus. Gunakan software-software yang telah Anda dapatkan dari paket laptop yang Anda beli. Risiko virus bisa merusak ke dalam laptop Anda jika Anda sembarangan menggunakan software dari internet. Jika Anda tetap ingin menggunakan software hasil download, maka pastikan sudah Anda scan software tersebut dengan antivirus yang Anda miliki.<br /><br />2.Membersihkan “Keyboard”<br />Keyboar laptop gampang sekali kotor, entah karena jari tangan yang berminyak, abu rokok, remah-remah roti, atau debu. Ambil kuas dan sapukan ke sela-sela tombol untuk mengeluarkan kotoran, atau gunakan vacuum cleaner portabel untuk menyedot debu yang ada. Bersihkan permukaan tombol kibor dengan kain yang dibasahi cairan pembersih kaca. Gunakan proteksi pelindung kibor untuk mencegah kotoran.<br /><br />3.Mengelap Layar<br />Jangan sembarangan menggunakan cairan pembersih pada layar, pakailah pembersih kaca. Semprotkan pada kain halus atau katun, lalu poles layar monitor. Jangan menyemprotkan langsung pada layar, karena bisa menyebabkan pemukaan LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) menjadi belang. Bersihkan secara searah, misalnya dari atas ke bawah atau dari kiri ke kanan, serta jangan menekannya terlalu keras.<br /><br /><br />4.Hindari Panas Matahari<br />Jangan meninggalkan notebook di dalam mobil yang diparkir di bawah sinar matahari. Panas yang berlebihan di dalam mobil bisa menyebabkan kerusakan komponen-komponen notebook.<br /><br />5.Menghindari Goresan<br />Amankan benda-benda tajam dari sekitar notebook. Taruh lapisan pelindung di atas kibor sebelum Anda menutup case, agar layar tak tergores. Apabila Anda hendak bepergian, masukkan notebook pada wadah/tas yang telah tersedia.<br /><br />6.Menyimpan notebook<br />Bila Anda akan menyimpan notebook dalam waktu lama, sebaiknya lepaskan baterai dan simpan dalam tempat yang sejuk dan kering, serta bersirkulasi udara cukup baik. Taruh silikon gel untuk menghindari jamur. Begitu ingin menggunakannya kembali, setrum baterai dengan cara mengisi dan mengosongkan sepenuhnya sebanyak tiga kali berturut-turut.<br /><br />7.Hindari Medan Magnet<br />Untuk melindungi data yang ada di dalam hard disk, jangan letakkan peranti yang mengandung medan magnet/elektromagnet kuat di sekitar notebook. Peranti-peranti penghasil medan magnet, misalnya, spiker yang tidak berpelindung (unshielded speaker system) atau telepon selular. Sekiranya Anda ingin mengakses Internet menggunakan fasilitas infrared pada ponsel, letakkan ponsel dalam jarak sekitar 15 cm dari notebook.<br /><br />8.. Jangan Menggunakan Laptop di atas tempat tidur<br />Laptop memiliki sirkulasi pertukan udara diberbagai bagian bodynya. Sebagian ada yang berada di bagian bawah. Ketika kita meletakkan di alas yang lembut seperti tempat tidur, sofa dsb, bagian sirkulasi bawah akan tersumbat. Tentu saja ini tidak baik untuk kelangsungan kerja ketika sedang berjalan maupun umur laptop anda.<br /><br /><br />9. Jangan memberikan Penutup apapapun termasuk sarung Laptop pada saat Laptop anda dalam keadaan menyala karena berdasarkan pengalaman Laptop teman saya Processor Laptopnya akan mati karena sirkulasi udara yang tidak ada di bawah permukaan Laptop.<br /><br />10. Listrik padam dan gangguan tegangan dapat terjadi sewaktu-waktu, di rumah, di kamar hotel atau di kantor. Jika memungkinkan, gunakanlah ’surge-protector’ jika sedang menggunakan AC outlet. Dan jangan lupa membuat back-up data secara rutin.<br /><br />11. Jika laptop bermasalah, jangan mencoba untuk membongkar sendiri. Sebaiknya serahkan ke teknisi atau service-center terdekat. Karena mungkin saja kerusakan malah akan menjadi semakin berat. Khusus untuk laptop yang masih dalam masa garansi - membongkar laptop dapat merusak sticker garansi (warranty seal) yang masih melekat pada laptop.<br /><br />12. Ketika akan mengangkat laptop yang sedang terbuka, jangan mengangkatnya sambil memegang pada bagian display/layar, angkatlah pada bagian bawah/keyboard<br /><br />13.Rawatlah baterai laptop, jangan sampai bocor karena dapat merusak slot baterai.<br /><br />14.Jauhkan laptop dari medan magnet yang kuat, bahan cair dan sumber panas/dingin atau perubahan suhu yang ekstrim.<br /><br />15.Gunakan software-software yang aman dari virus (gunakan linux :) ) agar kita tidak selalu dipusingkan dengan install ulang dikarenakan selalu kena virus :) . Atau selalu gunakan anti virus yang baik.<br /><br />16.Perawatan program Perawatan program semacam software aplikasi, memang tak kalah pentingnya dan hendaknya dilakukan seminggu atau sebulan sekali. Tujuannya, agar data tidak rusak atau hilang. Selain itu, agar tidak berhadapan dengan masalah program ketika kita tengah berada dalam perjalanan. Perawatan program tersebut meliputi hard drive, pasang antivirus, dan harddisk.Ketika menjalankan program yang meninggalkan file temporary, hard drive pasti menerima file yang tidak diperlukan. Untuk itu, bersihkan hard drive dari file-file tersebut minimal satu bulan sekali agar laptop bisa bekerja lebih baik. Dianjurkan menggunakan program-program disc clean up yang juga sudah tersedia di sistem operasi seperti Windows.Untuk perawatan pemasangan antivirus, bisa dilakukan dengan cara menginstal software antivirus pada laptop. Selalu perbarui data definisi virus untuk mengantisipasi virus terbaru. Hampir 90 persen lumpuhnya sebagian software aplikasi dan kerusakan data karena adanya virus. Dengan terpasangnya antivirus, maka data dalam laptop akan aman.Untuk perawatan harddisk, sebulan sekali lakukan defrag terhadap harddisk. Tujuannya untuk menyusun kembali posisi file-file yang terpencar sehingga mempercepat sistem dalam mencari file. Kemudian gunakan scandisk untuk mengoreksi error yang ditemukan pada direktori dan File Allocation Table. Usahakan pula membuat partisi harddisk lebih dari satu, misalnya dua atau tiga partisi. Hal ini berguna jika suatu saat, sistem operasi yang kita pakai mengalami error (rusak) yang biasanya tertampung dalam partisi C, maka dengan mudah tinggal memformat ulang sistem operasi tersebut, tanpa mengganggu keberadaan berbagai macam data yang biasanya tersimpan pada partisi lainnya, misalnya partisi D atau partisi<br /><br /><br /><br />sumber http://de-kill.blogspot.com/2008/01/cara-merawat-laptop-yang-baik.html<br /> google.com<br /><br /></div>fauziah cantikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02664414677947736567noreply@blogger.com0