Relative Clauses and Relative pronoun and theoris about adjective clauses

A relative clause is a phrase that modifies a noun or pronoun. It is also a  dependent or subordinate clause, meaning that it cannot stand on its own as a sentence. This handout explains the rules for using relative clauses and provides examples of correct use of relative clauses.Positioning the Relative Clause Put the relative clause directly behind the noun it modifies.
Original
The theory will be implemented that is most supportive of my work for the final
project.
Revised The theory that is most supportive of my work will be implemented for the final project.

A relative clause—also called an adjective or adjectival clause—will meet three requirements.

• First, it will contain a subject and verb.
• Next, it will begin with a relative pronoun [who, whom, whose, that, or which] or a relative adverb [when, where, or why].
• Finally, it will function as an adjective, answering the questions What kind? How many? or Which one?

The relative clause will follow one of these two patterns:

relative pronoun or adverb + subject + verb

relative pronoun as subject + verb

Here are some examples:

Which Francine did not accept

Which = relative pronoun; Francine = subject; did accept = verb [not, an adverb, is not officially part of the verb].

Where George found Amazing Spider-Man #96 in fair condition

Where = relative adverb; George = subject; found = verb.

That dangled from the one clean bathroom towel

That = relative pronoun functioning as subject; dangled = verb.

Who continued to play video games until his eyes were blurry with fatigue

Who = relative pronoun functioning as subject; played = verb.

I bought a new car. It is very fast.
→ I bought a new car that is very fast.
She lives in New York. She likes living in New York.
→ She lives in New York, which she likes.

Defining and Non-defining

A defining relative clause tells which noun we are talking about:

• I like the woman who lives next door.
  (If I don’t say ‘who lives next door’, then we don’t know which woman I mean)

A non-defining relative clause gives us extra information about something. We don’t need this information to understand the sentence.

• I live in London, which has some fantastic parks.
  (Everybody knows where London is, ‘which has some fantastic parks’ is extra information)

Punctuate a relative clause correctly.

Punctuating relative clauses can be tricky. For each sentence, you will have to decide if the relative clause is essential or nonessential and then use commas accordingly.
Essential clauses do not require commas. A relative clause is essential when you need the information it provides. Look at this example:

The children who skateboard in the street are especially noisy in the early evening.

Children is nonspecific. To know which ones we are talking about, we must have the information in the relative clause. Thus, the relative clause is essential and requires no commas.
If, however, we eliminate children and choose more specific nouns instead, the relative clause becomes nonessential and does require commas to separate it from the rest of the sentence. Read this revision:

Matthew and his sister Loretta, who skateboard in the street, are especially noisy in the early evening.

Defining relative clauses:

1: The relative pronoun is the subject:
First, let’s consider when the relative pronoun is the subject of a defining relative clause.
We can use ‘who’, ‘which’ or ‘that’. We use ‘who’ for people and ‘which’ for things. We can use ‘that’ for people or things.
The relative clause can come after the subject or the object of the sentence. We can’t drop the relative pronoun.
For example (clause after the object of the sentence):

• I’m looking for a secretary who / that can use a computer well.
• She has a son who / that is a doctor.
• We bought a house which / that is 200 years old.
• I sent a letter which / that arrived three weeks later.

More examples (clause after the subject of the sentence):

• The people who / that live on the island are very friendly.
• The man who / that phoned is my brother.
• The camera which / that costs £100 is over there.
• The house which / that belongs to Julie is in London.

Try an exercise where the relative pronoun is the subject here
2: The relative pronoun is the object:
Next, let’s talk about when the relative pronoun is the object of the clause. In this case we can drop the relative pronoun if we want to. Again, the clause can come after the subject or the object of the sentence. Here are some examples:
(clause after the object)

• She loves the chocolate (which / that) I bought.
• We went to the village (which / that) Lucy recommended.
• John met a woman (who / that) I had been to school with.
• The police arrested a man (who / that) Jill worked with.

(clause after the subject)

• The bike (which / that) I loved was stolen.
• The university (which / that) she likes is famous.
• The woman (who / that) my brother loves is from Mexico.
• The doctor (who / that) my grandmother liked lives in New York.

• Try an exercise where the relative pronoun is the object here
• Try an exercise about defining relative clauses, both subject and object here
• Try another exercise about defining relative clauses here

Non-defining relative clauses:

We don’t use ‘that’ in non-defining relative clauses, so we need to use ‘which’ if the pronoun refers to a thing, and ‘who’ if it refers to a person. We can’t drop the relative pronoun in this kind of clause, even if the relative pronoun is the subject of the clause.
(clause comes after the subject)

• My boss, who is very nice, lives in Manchester.
• My sister, who I live with, knows a lot about cars.
• My bicycle, which I've had for more than ten years, is falling apart.
• My mother's house, which I grew up in, is very small.

(clause comes after the object)

• Yesterday I called our friend Julie, who lives in New York.
• The photographer called to the Queen, who looked annoyed.
• Last week I bought a new computer, which I don't like now
• I really love the new Chinese restaurant, which we went to last night.

Prepositions and relative clauses

If the verb in the relative clause needs a preposition, we put it at the end of the clause:
For example:

• listen to

The music is good. Julie listens to the music.
→ The music (which / that) Julie listens to is good.

• work with

My brother met a woman. I used to work with the woman.
→ My brother met a woman (who / that) I used to work with.

• go to

The country is very hot. He went to the country.
→ The country (which / that) he went to is very hot.

• come from

I visited the city. John comes from the city.
→ I visited the city (that / which) John comes from.

• apply for

The job is well paid. She applied for the job.
→ The job (which / that) she applied for is well paid.

Whose

‘Whose’ is always the subject of the relative clause and can’t be left out. It replaces a possessive. It can be used for people and things.
The dog is over there. The dog’s / its owner lives next door.
→ The dog whose owner lives next door is over there.
The little girl is sad. The little girl’s / her doll was lost.
→ The little girl whose doll was lost is sad.
The woman is coming tonight. Her car is a BMW.
→ The woman whose car is a BMW is coming tonight.
The house belongs to me. Its roof is very old.
→ The house whose roof is old belongs to me.

Where / when / why

We can sometimes use these question words instead of relative pronouns and prepositions.
I live in a city. I study in the city.

→ I live in the city where I study.
→ I live in the city that / which I study in.
→ I live in the city in which I study.
The bar in Barcelona is still there. I met my wife in that bar.

→ The bar in Barcelona where I met my wife is still there.
→ The bar in Barcelona that / which I met my wife in is still there.
→ The bar in Barcelona in which I met my wife is still there.
The summer was long and hot. I graduated from university in the summer.

→ The summer when I graduated from university was long and hot.
→ The summer that / which I graduated from university in was long and hot.
→ The summer in which I graduated was long and hot.

task

1.  1 talked tobthe woman who was sitting  next to me
2. I have class which  begins at 8.00 am
3.  the man called  the police.  this car was stolen
     the man whose car was stolen called the police
4.  The bilding whre he lives is very old
5. the woman whom I saw was mr silvy

There are two basic types of adjective clauses.

"The first type is the nonrestrictive or nonessential adjective clause. This clause simply gives extra information about the noun. In the sentence, 'My older brother's car, which he bought two years ago, has already needed many repairs,' the adjective clause, 'which he bought two years ago,' is nonrestrictive or nonessential. It provides extra information.

"The second type is the restrictive or essential adjective clause. It offers essential [information] and is needed to complete the sentence's thought. In the sentence, 'The room that you reserved for the meeting is not ready,' the adjective clause, 'that you reserved for the meeting,' is essential because it restricts which room."
(Jack Umstatter, Got Grammar? Wiley, 2007)


example :

         "He who can no longer pause to wonder and stand rapt in awe is as good as dead."

• "Among those whom I like or admire, I can find no common denominator, but among those whom I love, I can: all of them make me laugh."
  (W. H. Auden)



• "Short, fat, and of a quiet disposition, he appeared to spend a lot of money on really bad clothes, which hung about his squat frame like skin on a shrunken toad."
  (John le Carré, Call for the Dead, 1961)



• "Love, which was once believed to contain the Answer, we now know to be nothing more than an inherited behavior pattern."
  (James Thurber)



• "The means by which we live have outdistanced the ends for which we live. Our scientific power has outrun our spiritual power. We have guided missiles and misguided men."
  (Martin Luther King, Jr.)



• "The IRS spends God knows how much of your tax money on these toll-free information hot lines staffed by IRS employees, whose idea of a dynamite tax tip is that you should print neatly."
  (Dave Barry)

Exercise Five  Rio

Like appositives, adjective clauses enable writers to effectively join their ideas and show their readers what they mean. So it makes sense not only to practice joining ideas using adjective clauses, but also to create adjective clause modifiers.

Below is a hypothetical mystery story in which there are nouns that could be made more specific with adjective clauses, although you might also want to use a few appositives. The nouns to be modified are underlined, and blanks for your modifiers are provided.

One day, Matilda sat in a cafe, sipping cappuccino and talking with her friend Jacquita,

(1)                                                                                                   Matilda was telling Jacquita

about her husband Merv, (2)                                                                                                              .

Apparently, Merv had turned into a very mysterious man, (3)                                                            ,

and Matilda suspected that he was now involved in some criminal activity

(4)                                                                                                   Recently, Merv brought home

some very disgusting friends (5)                                                                                                        .

And he purchased three expensive new cars, (6)                                                                                .

But when Matilda, (7)                                                                                                  , questioned

Merv about his activities, he ran out the front door. Despondent, Matilda knew that her best friend

Jacquita would know how to solve the problem, (8)                                                                           .

Jacquita recommended that Matilda do one of two things: hire a private detective to find out

what Merv had gotten himself into or sell the cars and run away to Rio. Matilda decided to hire a

detective (9)                                                                                                     . So the next day, the

detective she'd hired followed Merv to work and to his favorite hangout,

(10)                                                                                                     . But unfortunately, the

detective lost Merv when Merv entered a K-Mart. When the detective tried to call Matilda to let her

know what had happened, a policewoman, (11)                                                                                  ,

answered the phone.

        The policewoman informed the detective that Matilda (12)                                                         ,

had been arrested at the airport for possession of a stolen car, (13)                                                    ,

and that Jacquita was last seen boarding a plane, holding a cup of cappuccino in one hand and an

airline ticket to Rio in the other.

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